{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162238084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5582241","title":"Digital Twin\u2010Enabled Online Battlefield Learning with Random Finite Sets","display_name":"Digital Twin\u2010Enabled Online Battlefield Learning with Random Finite Sets","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162238084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5582241","mag":"3162238084","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34093699"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5582241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5582241","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5582241.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5582241.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046768024","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0871-5214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0871-5214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101560281","display_name":"Mei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9008-4102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100694513","display_name":"Jiancheng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4528-5911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiancheng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4528-5911","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106551871","display_name":"Yong Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5803-7437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447680","display_name":"Ge Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2605-7764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ge Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100694513"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":0.6409,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7038319,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":"5582241","last_page":"5582241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7299863696098328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5278639197349548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battlefield","display_name":"Battlefield","score":0.5211170315742493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49521031975746155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7299863696098328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5278639197349548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779669469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895508","display_name":"Battlefield","level":2,"score":0.5211170315742493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49521031975746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020375","descriptor_name":"Education, Distance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020375","descriptor_name":"Education, Distance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020375","descriptor_name":"Education, Distance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5582241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5582241","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5582241.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34093699","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34093699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational intelligence and neuroscience","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6770190338624c279871c447c2fe71e4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6770190338624c279871c447c2fe71e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8137298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8137298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Comput Intell Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5582241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5582241","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5582241.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162238084.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3162238084.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116417043","https://openalex.org/W1976500541","https://openalex.org/W2014787937","https://openalex.org/W2055718297","https://openalex.org/W2096333790","https://openalex.org/W2126885789","https://openalex.org/W2129570991","https://openalex.org/W2135698068","https://openalex.org/W2155860607","https://openalex.org/W2396229594","https://openalex.org/W2482127302","https://openalex.org/W2556265720","https://openalex.org/W2589993827","https://openalex.org/W2597150627","https://openalex.org/W2773149682","https://openalex.org/W2793012103","https://openalex.org/W2799899844","https://openalex.org/W2808904300","https://openalex.org/W2883601390","https://openalex.org/W2886312951","https://openalex.org/W2903617657","https://openalex.org/W2906817718","https://openalex.org/W2908386671","https://openalex.org/W2910597635","https://openalex.org/W2946818102","https://openalex.org/W2952132323","https://openalex.org/W2965106631","https://openalex.org/W2966906878","https://openalex.org/W2976301483","https://openalex.org/W2980595852","https://openalex.org/W2982434261","https://openalex.org/W2983002384","https://openalex.org/W2994200381","https://openalex.org/W2995148930","https://openalex.org/W3125201581","https://openalex.org/W4254248308","https://openalex.org/W4288313603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85,101,118,141,159,197],"digital":[1,40,94,124,143,212],"twin":[2,41,144,213],"is":[3,28,47,71,106,129,136,162,171],"becoming":[4],"the":[5,11,18,31,36,57,74,93,109,115,123,147,165,175,189,194,209],"most":[6],"promising":[7],"emerging":[8],"technology":[9],"in":[10,42,60,73,139,200,214],"field":[12],"of":[13,30,39,76,183,193,208,211],"unmanned":[14,43,102,215],"combat":[15,23],"and":[16,83,88,132,154,164,191],"has":[17],"potential":[19],"to":[20,173,187],"innovate":[21],"future":[22],"styles.":[24],"Online":[25],"battlefield":[26,58,97,127,148],"learning":[27,56,98,128,177],"one":[29],"key":[32],"technologies":[33],"for":[34,51,54,91,112,121],"supporting":[35],"successful":[37],"application":[38,210],"combat.":[44,216],"Since":[45],"there":[46],"an":[48],"urgent":[49],"need":[50],"effective":[52],"algorithms":[53],"online":[55,96,126,176],"states":[59],"real":[61],"time,":[62],"a":[63,181,205],"new":[64],"random":[65],"finite":[66],"set-":[67],"(RFS-)":[68],"based":[69],"algorithm":[70],"proposed":[72,116,195],"presence":[75],"detection":[77],"uncertainty":[78],"including":[79,146],"clutters,":[80],"missed":[81],"detection,":[82],"noises.":[84],"system":[86,119],"architecture":[87,120],"operational":[89,134],"mode":[90,135],"implementing":[92,122],"twin-enabled":[95,125],"are":[99,157,185],"provided.":[100],"ground":[103],"vehicle":[104],"(UGV)":[105],"employed":[107],"as":[108],"experimental":[110],"subject":[111],"systematically":[113],"describing":[114],"algorithm.":[117,196],"firstly":[130],"given,":[131],"its":[133],"also":[137],"described":[138],"detail.":[140],"RFS-based":[142],"models":[145],"state":[149],"model,":[150,153],"UGV":[151],"motion":[152],"sensor":[155],"model":[156],"designed.":[158],"Bayesian":[160],"inference":[161],"adopted,":[163],"probability":[166],"hypothesis":[167],"density":[168],"(PHD)":[169],"filter":[170],"modified":[172],"implement":[174],"process.":[178],"At":[179],"last,":[180],"group":[182],"experiments":[184],"conducted":[186],"verify":[188],"performance":[190],"effectiveness":[192],"research":[198],"work":[199],"this":[201],"paper":[202],"will":[203],"provide":[204],"good":[206],"demonstration":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}