{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139073871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5558373","title":"Isolated Handwritten Pashto Character Recognition Using a <i>K</i>\u2010NN Classification Tool based on Zoning and HOG Feature Extraction Techniques","display_name":"Isolated Handwritten Pashto Character Recognition Using a <i>K</i>\u2010NN Classification Tool based on Zoning and HOG Feature Extraction Techniques","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139073871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5558373","mag":"3139073871"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5558373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5558373","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5558373.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5558373.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101486983","display_name":"Juanjuan Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118612203","display_name":"Hunan Police Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02gh10772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118612203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juanjuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Police Academy, Changsha 410138, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6216-7311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Police Academy, Changsha 410138, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118612203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101763328","display_name":"Ihtisham Ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1756-7954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142599","display_name":"University of Swabi","ror":"https://ror.org/04ez8az68","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142599"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ihtisham Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142599"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070016538","display_name":"Chaolan Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118612203","display_name":"Hunan Police Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02gh10772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118612203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaolan Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Police Academy, Changsha 410138, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Police Academy, Changsha 410138, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118612203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018980806","display_name":"Sulaiman Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-3477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142599","display_name":"University of Swabi","ror":"https://ror.org/04ez8az68","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142599"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sulaiman Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-3477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142599"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020009700","display_name":"Shah Nazir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-9944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142599","display_name":"University of Swabi","ror":"https://ror.org/04ez8az68","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142599"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shah Nazir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-9944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142599"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110666490","display_name":"Muhammad Atif Imtiaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142599","display_name":"University of Swabi","ror":"https://ror.org/04ez8az68","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142599"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Imtiaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142599"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018980806","https://openalex.org/A5101486983"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118612203","https://openalex.org/I4210142599"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"fwci":2.4402,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89991771,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7249400615692139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unavailability","display_name":"Unavailability","score":0.7012839317321777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.68058180809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6573328971862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6154276132583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6111152172088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6096417307853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5378875136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.4886956512928009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.41034525632858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3213036060333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14078938961029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06533828377723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.0548340380191803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7249400615692139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093282","display_name":"Unavailability","level":2,"score":0.7012839317321777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.68058180809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6573328971862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6154276132583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6111152172088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6096417307853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5378875136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.4886956512928009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.41034525632858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3213036060333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14078938961029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06533828377723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0548340380191803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5558373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5558373","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5558373.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b65738d50eb24de6942f7ca5736e0225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b65738d50eb24de6942f7ca5736e0225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5558373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5558373","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5558373.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139073871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139073871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96122904","https://openalex.org/W1599933961","https://openalex.org/W1963895093","https://openalex.org/W2028880308","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2202977990","https://openalex.org/W2513853748","https://openalex.org/W2555390854","https://openalex.org/W2567511513","https://openalex.org/W2572959856","https://openalex.org/W2582861398","https://openalex.org/W2593196750","https://openalex.org/W2612885722","https://openalex.org/W2616807405","https://openalex.org/W2725646432","https://openalex.org/W2738154296","https://openalex.org/W2757619621","https://openalex.org/W2766919721","https://openalex.org/W2770119645","https://openalex.org/W2776151222","https://openalex.org/W2776881402","https://openalex.org/W2800326470","https://openalex.org/W2810099362","https://openalex.org/W2893419058","https://openalex.org/W2899853413","https://openalex.org/W2905301180","https://openalex.org/W2933024154","https://openalex.org/W2965787921","https://openalex.org/W3083985116","https://openalex.org/W3088469008","https://openalex.org/W3097270768","https://openalex.org/W3110411590","https://openalex.org/W3119071788","https://openalex.org/W3156592846","https://openalex.org/W7028762463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071599417","https://openalex.org/W2048716406","https://openalex.org/W1870444468","https://openalex.org/W1964725559","https://openalex.org/W3109748140","https://openalex.org/W2045053268","https://openalex.org/W2433492094","https://openalex.org/W2767833206","https://openalex.org/W1556327589","https://openalex.org/W2108671564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Handwritten":[0],"text":[1],"recognition":[2,52,56],"is":[3,73,126,147,161],"considered":[4,127],"as":[5,128],"the":[6,11,37,55,64,133,138,150],"most":[7],"challenging":[8],"task":[9],"for":[10,36,54,93,116,132,149,156],"research":[12],"community":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,39],"slight":[16],"change":[17],"in":[18,22,34,97],"different":[19],"characters\u2019":[20],"shape":[21],"handwritten":[23,69],"documents.":[24],"The":[25,61],"unavailability":[26,65],"of":[27,57,63,66,80,87,105,107,119,145,152],"a":[28,67,77,98,129],"standard":[29,68],"dataset":[30],"makes":[31],"it":[32],"vaguer":[33],"nature":[35],"researchers":[38],"work":[40],"on.":[41],"To":[42],"address":[43],"these":[44],"problems,":[45],"this":[46],"paper":[47],"presents":[48],"an":[49],"optical":[50],"character":[51,89],"system":[53],"offline":[58,81],"Pashto":[59,70,82,99,121],"characters.":[60,83,122],"problem":[62],"characters":[71,96],"database":[72,79,85],"addressed":[74],"by":[75],"developing":[76],"medium\u2010sized":[78],"This":[84],"consists":[86],"11352":[88],"images":[90],"(258":[91],"samples":[92],"each":[94],"44":[95],"script).":[100],"Enriched":[101],"feature":[102,117,140],"extraction":[103,118],"techniques":[104],"histogram":[106,151],"oriented":[108,153],"gradients":[109],"and":[110],"zoning\u2010based":[111,157],"density":[112,158],"features":[113],"are":[114],"used":[115],"carved":[120],"K":[123],"\u2010nearest":[124],"neighbors":[125],"classification":[130],"tool":[131],"proposed":[134,139],"algorithm":[135],"based":[136],"on":[137],"sets.":[141],"A":[142],"resultant":[143],"accuracy":[144],"80.34%":[146],"calculated":[148],"gradients,":[154],"while":[155],"features,":[159],"76.42%":[160],"achieved":[162],"using":[163],"10\u2010fold":[164],"cross":[165],"validation.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}