{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168793901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5557577","title":"Improving the Performance of Machine Learning\u2010Based Network Intrusion Detection Systems on the UNSW\u2010NB15 Dataset","display_name":"Improving the Performance of Machine Learning\u2010Based Network Intrusion Detection Systems on the UNSW\u2010NB15 Dataset","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168793901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5557577","mag":"3168793901","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34220999"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5557577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5557577","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5557577.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5557577.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077176862","display_name":"Soulaiman Moualla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-8869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99731219","display_name":"Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/009qm7w92","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99731219"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soulaiman Moualla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication, Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology, Damascus, Syria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-8869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication, Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology, Damascus, Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99731219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027424635","display_name":"Khaldoun Khorzom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6194-8255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99731219","display_name":"Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/009qm7w92","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99731219"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaldoun Khorzom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication, Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology, Damascus, Syria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6194-8255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication, Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology, Damascus, Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99731219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056356230","display_name":"Assef Jafar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-8621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99731219","display_name":"Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/009qm7w92","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99731219"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Assef Jafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication, Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology, Damascus, Syria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-8621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication, Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology, Damascus, Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99731219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077176862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99731219"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":10.0992,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9849938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":"5557577","last_page":"5557577"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8483848571777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7628335952758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7305188179016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6130456328392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5883838534355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-learning-machine","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","score":0.5588160753250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.5186318755149841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4965532422065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43939822912216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4341018795967102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-model","display_name":"Attack model","score":0.42158204317092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.40442222356796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.20844316482543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11568239331245422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8483848571777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7628335952758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7305188179016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6130456328392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5883838534355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.5588160753250122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.5186318755149841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4965532422065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43939822912216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4341018795967102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.42158204317092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.40442222356796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.20844316482543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11568239331245422}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5557577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5557577","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5557577.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34220999","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34220999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational intelligence and neuroscience","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:595098f576854787bc16c68a61851756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/595098f576854787bc16c68a61851756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8221886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8221886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Comput Intell Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5557577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5557577","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5557577.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168793901.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168793901.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172260869","https://openalex.org/W1521843029","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W1985987493","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2150579376","https://openalex.org/W2167101736","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2334853001","https://openalex.org/W2599306383","https://openalex.org/W2738663878","https://openalex.org/W2789654058","https://openalex.org/W2797915143","https://openalex.org/W2802643674","https://openalex.org/W2905396420","https://openalex.org/W2918696265","https://openalex.org/W2926701059","https://openalex.org/W2952078967","https://openalex.org/W2978751771","https://openalex.org/W2982084047","https://openalex.org/W3005805195","https://openalex.org/W3011524935","https://openalex.org/W3039345940","https://openalex.org/W3099976866","https://openalex.org/W3169389953","https://openalex.org/W6631190155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067443264","https://openalex.org/W31566076","https://openalex.org/W4297902562","https://openalex.org/W2741186499","https://openalex.org/W2804652951","https://openalex.org/W2556335056","https://openalex.org/W2002678693","https://openalex.org/W1584764049","https://openalex.org/W2743832667","https://openalex.org/W4386889652"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Networks":[0],"are":[1],"exposed":[2],"to":[3,10,16,27,48,58,64,137,206,213,225],"an":[4,87],"increasing":[5],"number":[6],"of":[7,44,54,119,196,245],"cyberattacks":[8,97],"due":[9],"their":[11,45,217],"vulnerabilities.":[12],"So,":[13],"cybersecurity":[14],"strives":[15],"make":[17,226],"networks":[18,99],"as":[19,21,190],"safe":[20],"possible,":[22],"by":[23,159,220],"introducing":[24],"defense":[25],"systems":[26,38,68],"detect":[28,49],"any":[29],"suspicious":[30],"activities.":[31],"However,":[32],"firewalls":[33],"and":[34,73,93,146,254],"classical":[35],"intrusion":[36],"detection":[37,71],"(IDSs)":[39],"suffer":[40],"from":[41,215],"continuous":[42],"updating":[43],"defined":[46],"databases":[47],"threats.":[50],"The":[51],"new":[52],"directions":[53],"the":[55,60,95,101,130,139,144,149,157,160,165,186,199,204],"IDSs":[56],"aim":[57],"leverage":[59],"machine":[61,113,125,179],"learning":[62,178],"models":[63],"design":[65],"more":[66],"robust":[67],"with":[69,129],"higher":[70],"rates":[72],"lower":[74],"false":[75,247],"alarm":[76,248],"rates.":[77],"This":[78],"research":[79],"presents":[80],"a":[81,109,175,191,207,221],"novel":[82],"network":[83,91,115],"IDS,":[84],"which":[85],"plays":[86],"important":[88,150],"role":[89],"in":[90,143,156,211,243],"security":[92],"faces":[94],"current":[96],"on":[98,123],"using":[100,164],"UNSW-NB15":[102],"dataset":[103,145,158],"benchmark.":[104],"Our":[105],"proposed":[106,236],"system":[107,237],"is":[108,182],"dynamically":[110],"scalable":[111],"multiclass":[112],"learning-based":[114],"IDS.":[116],"It":[117,127],"consists":[118],"several":[120],"stages":[121],"based":[122],"supervised":[124],"learning.":[126],"starts":[128],"Synthetic":[131],"Minority":[132],"Oversampling":[133],"Technique":[134],"(SMOTE)":[135],"method":[136],"solve":[138],"imbalanced":[140],"classes":[141],"problem":[142],"then":[147],"selects":[148],"features":[151],"for":[152,184,194,229],"each":[153,195],"class":[154],"existing":[155],"Gini":[161],"Impurity":[162],"criterion":[163],"Extremely":[166],"Randomized":[167],"Trees":[168,171],"Classifier":[169],"(Extra":[170],"Classifier).":[172],"After":[173],"that,":[174],"pretrained":[176],"extreme":[177],"(ELM)":[180],"model":[181],"responsible":[183],"detecting":[185],"attacks":[187],"separately,":[188],"\"One-Versus-All\"":[189],"binary":[192],"classifier":[193,201],"them.":[197],"Finally,":[198],"ELM":[200],"outputs":[202],"become":[203],"inputs":[205],"fully":[208],"connected":[209],"layer":[210,224],"order":[212],"learn":[214],"all":[216,230],"combinations,":[218],"followed":[219],"logistic":[222],"regression":[223],"soft":[227],"decisions":[228],"classes.":[231],"Results":[232],"show":[233],"that":[234],"our":[235],"performs":[238],"better":[239],"than":[240],"related":[241],"works":[242],"terms":[244],"accuracy,":[246],"rate,":[249],"Receiver":[250],"Operating":[251],"Characteristic":[252],"(ROC),":[253],"Precision-Recall":[255],"Curves":[256],"(PRCs).":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-10T14:10:52.464848","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}