{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158247316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5550344","title":"Decision Tree Ensembles to Predict Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: A Comparative Study","display_name":"Decision Tree Ensembles to Predict Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: A Comparative Study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158247316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5550344","mag":"3158247316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5550344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5550344","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5550344.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5550344.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066877895","display_name":"Amir Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9062-8170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amir Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE","College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053544954","display_name":"Ourooj Safi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-0412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091532","display_name":"Al Ain Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/000c39f30","country_code":"AE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091532"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ourooj Safi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Al-Ain, UAE","Independent Researcher, Al-Ain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Al-Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091532"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Al-Ain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054026576","display_name":"Sharaf J. Malebary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-3791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharaf Malebary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088313375","display_name":"Sami Alesawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-8678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Alesawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 344, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 344, Rabigh 21911"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 344, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 344, Rabigh 21911","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068478871","display_name":"Entisar Alkayal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6617-1051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Entisar Alkayal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066877895"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":0.8351,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72203651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus","display_name":"Coronavirus","score":0.6840794086456299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6136976480484009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5979231595993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.5004613399505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.49087315797805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.47103410959243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4383545517921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.40122905373573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.363098680973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2804383635520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2608731687068939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak","display_name":"Outbreak","score":0.20243105292320251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20057693123817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.18796592950820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.07925799489021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.07347613573074341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57751738","display_name":"Coronavirus","level":5,"score":0.6840794086456299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6136976480484009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5979231595993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5004613399505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.49087315797805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.47103410959243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4383545517921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.40122905373573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.363098680973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2804383635520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2608731687068939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.20243105292320251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20057693123817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.18796592950820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.07925799489021301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.07347613573074341}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5550344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5550344","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5550344.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:complx:5550344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5550344.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a8baa35820eb484ca8440920de80cda0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a8baa35820eb484ca8440920de80cda0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5550344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5550344","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5550344.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158247316.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158247316.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1563938718","https://openalex.org/W1601795611","https://openalex.org/W1647645866","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W1984323748","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2015452969","https://openalex.org/W2018046478","https://openalex.org/W2096945460","https://openalex.org/W2129187754","https://openalex.org/W2136256517","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2562319768","https://openalex.org/W2904529113","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2969620344","https://openalex.org/W3011149445","https://openalex.org/W3014524176","https://openalex.org/W3024351429","https://openalex.org/W3037163353","https://openalex.org/W3041463877","https://openalex.org/W3042511884","https://openalex.org/W3089349608","https://openalex.org/W3201965827","https://openalex.org/W4206022219","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4248018214"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3127156785","https://openalex.org/W4205754011","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W4200329650","https://openalex.org/W4205215807","https://openalex.org/W3005417802","https://openalex.org/W4226296940","https://openalex.org/W3028835529","https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3134376730"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,13,31,77,106],"coronavirus":[1],"disease":[2],"2019":[3],"(Covid\u201019)":[4],"pandemic":[5,26],"has":[6],"affected":[7],"most":[8,38],"countries":[9],"of":[10,15,70,100,111,123,133,139,202,205],"the":[11,25,37,109,121,131,137,156,162,200],"world.":[12],"detection":[14],"Covid\u201019":[16,43,58,74,85,95],"positive":[17,44,59,75,96,134],"cases":[18,135],"is":[19,36,127],"an":[20,128],"important":[21],"step":[22],"to":[23,41,56,67,72,93,104,120,169],"fight":[24],"and":[27,49,118,136,159],"save":[28],"human":[29],"lives.":[30],"polymerase":[32],"chain":[33],"reaction":[34],"test":[35],"used":[39,168],"method":[40],"detect":[42,57],"cases.":[45,60,76,97],"Various":[46],"molecular":[47],"methods":[48,51],"serological":[50],"have":[52,64],"also":[53,190],"been":[54,65],"explored":[55],"Machine":[61],"learning":[62,79],"algorithms":[63,80],"applied":[66,82],"various":[68,203],"kinds":[69],"datasets":[71,101,148,186],"predict":[73,94],"machine":[78],"were":[81],"on":[83,88],"a":[84,196],"dataset":[86],"based":[87],"commonly":[89],"taken":[90],"laboratory":[91],"tests":[92],"These":[98],"types":[99],"are":[102,116,149,167],"easy":[103],"collect.":[105],"paper":[107],"investigates":[108],"application":[110],"decision":[112,142,172,180,206],"tree":[113,143,173,181],"ensembles":[114,144,182,204],"which":[115],"accurate":[117],"robust":[119],"selection":[122],"parameters.":[124],"As":[125],"there":[126],"imbalance":[129],"between":[130],"number":[132,138],"negative":[140],"cases,":[141],"developed":[145,183],"for":[146,184],"imbalanced":[147,185],"applied.":[150],"F\u2010measure,":[151],"precision,":[152],"recall,":[153],"area":[154,160],"under":[155,161],"precision\u2010recall":[157],"curve,":[158],"receiver":[163],"operating":[164],"characteristic":[165],"curve":[166],"compare":[170],"different":[171],"ensembles.":[174],"Different":[175],"performance":[176,201],"measures":[177],"suggest":[178,191],"that":[179,192],"perform":[187],"better.":[188],"Results":[189],"including":[193],"age":[194],"as":[195],"variable":[197],"can":[198],"improve":[199],"trees.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}