{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199361187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5538791","title":"Improving Arabic Sentiment Analysis Using CNN\u2010Based Architectures and Text Preprocessing","display_name":"Improving Arabic Sentiment Analysis Using CNN\u2010Based Architectures and Text Preprocessing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199361187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5538791","mag":"3199361187","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34545281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5538791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5538791","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5538791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5538791.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077738450","display_name":"Mustafa Mhamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3106-669X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Mhamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086760595","display_name":"Richard F. E. Sutcliffe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-5691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Sutcliffe","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037149834","display_name":"Xia Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xia Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071285943","display_name":"Jun Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-2103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078119832","display_name":"Eiad Almekhlafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7182-9639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eiad Almekhlafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047197940","display_name":"Ephrem Afele Retta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-9605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ephrem Afele Retta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University China, Xi'an","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037149834","https://openalex.org/A5086760595"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":3.0791,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92837679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":"5538791","last_page":"5538791"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8395116329193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.8034440279006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7866687774658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6392455101013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6372466087341309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5898273587226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5479828715324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.5333238840103149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.495538592338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.4168045222759247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3644605278968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.09807074069976807}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8395116329193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.8034440279006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7866687774658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6392455101013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6372466087341309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5898273587226868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5479828715324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.5333238840103149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.495538592338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.4168045222759247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3644605278968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.09807074069976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5538791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5538791","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5538791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34545281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34545281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational intelligence and neuroscience","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d6e322ce3a4d44af8939ed435d23fee1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d6e322ce3a4d44af8939ed435d23fee1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7340619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8449738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8449738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8449738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Comput Intell Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5538791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5538791","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2021/5538791.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1005191455","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61877050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5760752404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Projects","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199361187.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199361187.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W2043287290","https://openalex.org/W2145139979","https://openalex.org/W2250473257","https://openalex.org/W2250594687","https://openalex.org/W2274912527","https://openalex.org/W2317515691","https://openalex.org/W2538942427","https://openalex.org/W2560070550","https://openalex.org/W2567653693","https://openalex.org/W2584934697","https://openalex.org/W2586068811","https://openalex.org/W2613296002","https://openalex.org/W2621199241","https://openalex.org/W2742123861","https://openalex.org/W2766715072","https://openalex.org/W2767566483","https://openalex.org/W2767784948","https://openalex.org/W2802540964","https://openalex.org/W2894812750","https://openalex.org/W2900897701","https://openalex.org/W2901922204","https://openalex.org/W2909471801","https://openalex.org/W2916132663","https://openalex.org/W2917085252","https://openalex.org/W2962872526","https://openalex.org/W2963729324","https://openalex.org/W2968098022","https://openalex.org/W2971875451","https://openalex.org/W2978872640","https://openalex.org/W2982446111","https://openalex.org/W2988589399","https://openalex.org/W3011570378","https://openalex.org/W3020995159","https://openalex.org/W3022935508","https://openalex.org/W3027457715","https://openalex.org/W3032634577","https://openalex.org/W3102944297","https://openalex.org/W3107577028","https://openalex.org/W3118913631","https://openalex.org/W4239510810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953234277","https://openalex.org/W2626256601","https://openalex.org/W147410782","https://openalex.org/W2900413183","https://openalex.org/W4390975304","https://openalex.org/W3022252430","https://openalex.org/W4287804464","https://openalex.org/W3103989898","https://openalex.org/W3211292372","https://openalex.org/W803346624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sentiment":[0],"analysis":[1,24],"is":[2,7,39,53],"an":[3,138],"essential":[4],"process":[5],"which":[6],"important":[8],"to":[9,25,78,97,113,125,172],"many":[10],"natural":[11],"language":[12],"applications.":[13],"In":[14,137],"this":[15],"paper,":[16],"we":[17,74,91,141],"apply":[18],"two":[19,146],"models":[20],"for":[21],"Arabic":[22,126],"sentiment":[23],"the":[26,69,87,143,150,155,162,178,181],"ASTD":[27,71],"and":[28,34,64,128,154,174,186],"ATDFS":[29],"datasets,":[30],"in":[31,134,148],"both":[32],"2-class":[33,89,179],"multiclass":[35],"forms.":[36],"Model":[37],"MC1":[38,95],"a":[40,49,54,62,65,158,168],"2-layer":[41,55],"CNN":[42,56],"with":[43,57,94],"global":[44],"average":[45],"pooling,":[46,59],"followed":[47,60],"by":[48,61,81,100,117],"dense":[50,66],"layer.":[51,67],"MC2":[52],"max":[58],"BiGRU":[63],"On":[68,161,177],"difficult":[70],"4-class":[72,163],"task,":[73,90,164,180],"achieve":[75,92],"73.17%,":[76],"compared":[77,96],"65.58%":[79],"reported":[80,99,133],"Attia":[82],"et":[83,102],"al.,":[84,103],"2018.":[85],"For":[86],"easier":[88],"90.06%":[93],"85.58%":[98],"Kwaik":[101],"2019.":[104],"We":[105,120],"carry":[106],"out":[107],"experiments":[108],"on":[109],"various":[110],"data":[111],"splits,":[112],"match":[114],"those":[115],"used":[116],"other":[118,135],"researchers.":[119],"also":[121],"pay":[122],"close":[123],"attention":[124],"preprocessing":[127],"include":[129],"novel":[130],"steps":[131,147],"not":[132],"works.":[136],"ablation":[139],"study,":[140],"investigate":[142],"effect":[144],"of":[145,152,157,170],"particular,":[149],"processing":[151],"emoticons":[153],"use":[156],"custom":[159],"stoplist.":[160],"these":[165],"can":[166],"make":[167],"difference":[169],"up":[171],"4.27%":[173],"5.48%,":[175],"respectively.":[176],"maximum":[182],"improvements":[183],"are":[184],"2.95%":[185],"3.87%.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}