{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134889673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537041","title":"An IoT Time Series Data Security Model for Adversarial Attack Based on Thermometer Encoding","display_name":"An IoT Time Series Data Security Model for Adversarial Attack Based on Thermometer Encoding","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134889673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537041","mag":"3134889673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5537041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537041","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/5537041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/5537041.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071209066","display_name":"Zhongguo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3720-0642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongguo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053877075","display_name":"Irshad Ahmed Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-1415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irshad Ahmed Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Arts at Belgarn, University of Bisha, Sabt Al-Alaya 61985, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-1415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Arts at Belgarn, University of Bisha, Sabt Al-Alaya 61985, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088826563","display_name":"Fahad Algarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3895-2309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahad Algarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3895-2309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026401762","display_name":"Sikandar Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-8615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204553293","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/041qf4r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sikandar Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Petroleum Data Mining, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China","Department of Computer Science & Technology, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-8615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Petroleum Data Mining, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Technology, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101840889","display_name":"Mingzhu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0751-210X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026401762"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":0.8396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77924956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9080569744110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7095445990562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.643661618232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6086701154708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.542444109916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4683707654476166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4403077960014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4275262653827667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4264165163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3917585611343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3751141428947449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9080569744110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7095445990562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.643661618232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6086701154708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.542444109916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4683707654476166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4403077960014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4275262653827667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4264165163040161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3917585611343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3751141428947449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5537041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537041","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/5537041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e179047032447aa87779dbcb6d5551c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e179047032447aa87779dbcb6d5551c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5537041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537041","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/5537041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G28048651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4202021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3258305077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2462020YJRC001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G400418704","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62061136006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G446257232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2462020YJRC001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6278047805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"110051360002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7970901488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62061136006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906903719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"110051360002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134889673.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134889673.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545623130","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1883420340","https://openalex.org/W1932198206","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W1994383689","https://openalex.org/W2174868984","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2408141691","https://openalex.org/W2503523779","https://openalex.org/W2551393996","https://openalex.org/W2604505099","https://openalex.org/W2612637113","https://openalex.org/W2737879662","https://openalex.org/W2768346313","https://openalex.org/W2777449390","https://openalex.org/W2786118190","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2897035501","https://openalex.org/W2898647012","https://openalex.org/W2909094300","https://openalex.org/W2921458493","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W3006526650","https://openalex.org/W3035366542","https://openalex.org/W4246354968","https://openalex.org/W4289360400","https://openalex.org/W4300725094","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6738157205","https://openalex.org/W6754957482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372020181","https://openalex.org/W2156531654","https://openalex.org/W1581723585","https://openalex.org/W4378714697","https://openalex.org/W2294330161","https://openalex.org/W2940472653","https://openalex.org/W2253069048","https://openalex.org/W2804553224","https://openalex.org/W140709781","https://openalex.org/W3214340375"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"an":[1,91,105],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,8,17,58,174],"Things":[4],"(IoT)":[5],"device":[6],"consists":[7],"algorithms,":[9],"datasets,":[10],"and":[11,33,170],"models.":[12],"Due":[13],"to":[14,31,37,46,54,77,119,127,148,161,167],"good":[15],"performance":[16],"deep":[18,59],"learning":[19,60],"methods,":[20],"many":[21],"devices":[22,36],"integrated":[23],"well-trained":[24],"models":[25,43],"in":[26,70],"them.":[27],"IoT":[28,72,99],"empowers":[29],"users":[30],"communicate":[32],"control":[34],"physical":[35],"achieve":[38],"vital":[39],"information.":[40],"However,":[41],"these":[42,83],"are":[44,125],"vulnerable":[45],"adversarial":[47,92,150],"attacks,":[48],"which":[49],"largely":[50],"bring":[51],"potential":[52],"risks":[53],"the":[55,71,120,134,149,155,172,175],"normal":[56],"application":[57],"methods.":[61],"For":[62],"instance,":[63],"very":[64],"little":[65],"changes":[66,84],"even":[67],"one":[68],"point":[69],"time-series":[73],"data":[74,100,178],"could":[75,85],"lead":[76],"unreliable":[78],"or":[79],"wrong":[80],"decisions.":[81],"Moreover,":[82],"be":[86],"deliberately":[87],"generated":[88],"by":[89],"following":[90],"attack":[93,166],"strategy.":[94],"We":[95],"propose":[96],"a":[97,116],"robust":[98,147],"classification":[101,179],"model":[102,140,157],"based":[103,141],"on":[104,142],"encode-decode":[106,135],"joint":[107],"training":[108,122],"model.":[109,136,180],"Furthermore,":[110],"thermometer":[111],"encoding":[112],"is":[113,145],"taken":[114],"as":[115],"nonlinear":[117],"transformation":[118],"original":[121,129],"examples":[123,132,144],"that":[124,154],"used":[126],"reconstruct":[128],"time":[130,176],"series":[131,177],"through":[133],"The":[137],"trained":[138,156],"ResNet":[139],"reconstruction":[143],"more":[146],"attack.":[151],"Experiments":[152],"show":[153],"can":[158],"successfully":[159],"resist":[160],"fast":[162],"gradient":[163],"sign":[164],"method":[165],"some":[168],"extent":[169],"improve":[171],"security":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}