{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165541793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5525539","title":"CoCEC: An Automatic Combinational Circuit Equivalence Checker Based on the Interactive Theorem Prover","display_name":"CoCEC: An Automatic Combinational Circuit Equivalence Checker Based on the Interactive Theorem Prover","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165541793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5525539","mag":"3165541793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5525539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5525539","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5525539.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5525539.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075745260","display_name":"Wilayat Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-5964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wilayat Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Islamabad"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0993-5964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Islamabad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018881921","display_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farrukh Aslam Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi Arabia","Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-7172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081909889","display_name":"Abdelouahid Derhab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-1528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelouahid Derhab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi Arabia","Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-1528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054576459","display_name":"Adi Alhudhaif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7201-6963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adi Alhudhaif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7201-6963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018881921"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":0.4343,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66020317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.7683813571929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-equivalence-checking","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","score":0.7662687301635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6405748128890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-meter-prover","display_name":"Gas meter prover","score":0.633946418762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-theorem-proving","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","score":0.6295472979545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.6023409962654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-equivalence","display_name":"Logical equivalence","score":0.5028178095817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-assistant","display_name":"Proof assistant","score":0.5011160373687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.4999527931213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4790871739387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.42920809984207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-circuit","display_name":"Boolean circuit","score":0.4106810390949249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3944232761859894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3769422173500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.3670387268066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3351514935493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3274882733821869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27456483244895935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.7683813571929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96654402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469962","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","level":3,"score":0.7662687301635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6405748128890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.633946418762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206880738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431667","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","level":2,"score":0.6295472979545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.6023409962654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70846408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220433","display_name":"Logical equivalence","level":3,"score":0.5028178095817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203265346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11387554","display_name":"Proof assistant","level":3,"score":0.5011160373687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.4999527931213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4790871739387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.42920809984207153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141796577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837479","display_name":"Boolean circuit","level":3,"score":0.4106810390949249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3944232761859894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3769422173500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.3670387268066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3351514935493469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3274882733821869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27456483244895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5525539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5525539","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5525539.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:complx:5525539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5525539.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b0ba4d1b2a0649f0950fb11174b9e4aa","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b0ba4d1b2a0649f0950fb11174b9e4aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/5525539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5525539","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2021/5525539.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4985141552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP-214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5556561541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP-214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3165541793.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3165541793.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2440755","https://openalex.org/W29002590","https://openalex.org/W1465777884","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1513012091","https://openalex.org/W1529227536","https://openalex.org/W1546467530","https://openalex.org/W1582877913","https://openalex.org/W1583869287","https://openalex.org/W1956801889","https://openalex.org/W2001236151","https://openalex.org/W2039140951","https://openalex.org/W2050351395","https://openalex.org/W2061438988","https://openalex.org/W2115026027","https://openalex.org/W2128767383","https://openalex.org/W2140132043","https://openalex.org/W2140421645","https://openalex.org/W2188548353","https://openalex.org/W2751563587","https://openalex.org/W2804324442","https://openalex.org/W2912477246","https://openalex.org/W3008960538","https://openalex.org/W3098156094","https://openalex.org/W3115527712","https://openalex.org/W4236954790","https://openalex.org/W4242098806","https://openalex.org/W4250846042"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389474774","https://openalex.org/W2107617279","https://openalex.org/W1537702386","https://openalex.org/W2125121514","https://openalex.org/W2144420849","https://openalex.org/W2964247756","https://openalex.org/W2168974500","https://openalex.org/W3165541793","https://openalex.org/W2132833274","https://openalex.org/W2060407451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Checking":[0],"the":[1,44,64,84,120,160,212,258],"equivalence":[2,30,65,85,136,161,181,213],"of":[3,66,86,106,162,179,185,214],"two":[4,87,115,196],"Boolean":[5,12],"functions,":[6,13],"or":[7,69,182,194],"combinational":[8,134],"circuits":[9,215],"modeled":[10],"as":[11,217,219],"is":[14,73,150,234,243],"often":[15,55],"desired":[16],"when":[17],"reliable":[18],"and":[19,36,47,94,101,119,129,140,143,203,232,237,255],"correct":[20],"hardware":[21,124],"components":[22],"are":[23,32,40,54],"required.":[24],"The":[25,147,188,241],"most":[26],"common":[27],"approaches":[28],"to":[29,43,62,74,82,96,192,239,245],"checking":[31],"based":[33,151],"on":[34,152],"simulation":[35],"model":[37],"checking,":[38],"which":[39],"constrained":[41],"due":[42],"popular":[45],"memory":[46],"state":[48],"explosion":[49],"problems.":[50],"Furthermore,":[51],"such":[52],"tools":[53],"not":[56],"user\u2010friendly,":[57],"thereby":[58],"making":[59],"it":[60,158,233],"tedious":[61],"check":[63],"large":[67],"formulas":[68],"circuits.":[70],"An":[71],"alternative":[72],"use":[75],"mathematical":[76,230],"tools,":[77],"called":[78],"interactive":[79,104],"theorem":[80,154],"provers,":[81],"prove":[83],"circuits;":[88],"however,":[89],"this":[90,110],"requires":[91],"human":[92],"effort":[93],"expertise":[95],"write":[97],"multiple":[98],"output":[99],"functions":[100],"carry":[102],"out":[103],"proof":[105,177],"their":[107,186],"equivalence.":[108],"In":[109],"paper,":[111],"we":[112],"(1)":[113],"define":[114],"simple,":[116],"one":[117],"formal":[118,132],"other":[121],"informal,":[122],"gate\u2010level":[123],"description":[125],"languages,":[126],"(2)":[127],"design":[128,261],"develop":[130],"a":[131,168,175,183,229],"automatic":[133],"circuit":[135,163,197,251],"checker":[137],"(CoCEC)":[138],"tool,":[139],"(3)":[141],"test":[142],"evaluate":[144],"our":[145],"tool.":[146],"tool":[148,242],"CoCEC":[149,227],"human\u2010assisted":[153],"prover":[155],"Coq,":[156],"yet":[157],"checks":[159],"descriptions":[164,198],"purely":[165],"automatically":[166,207],"through":[167],"human\u2010friendly":[169],"user":[170],"interface.":[171],"It":[172,206],"either":[173],"returns":[174],"machine\u2010readable":[176],"(term)":[178],"circuits\u2019":[180],"counterexample":[184],"inequality.":[187],"interface":[189],"enables":[190],"users":[191],"enter":[193],"load":[195],"written":[199],"in":[200,209],"an":[201],"easy":[202,238],"natural":[204],"style.":[205],"proves,":[208],"few":[210],"seconds,":[211],"with":[216],"many":[218],"45":[220],"variables":[221],"(3.5":[222],"\u00d7":[223],"10":[224],"13":[225],"states).":[226],"has":[228],"foundation,":[231],"reliable,":[235],"quick,":[236],"use.":[240],"intended":[244],"be":[246],"used":[247],"by":[248],"digital":[249,259],"logic":[250,260],"designers,":[252],"logicians,":[253],"students,":[254],"faculty":[256],"during":[257],"course.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}