{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200510859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3022658","title":"Measuring Total Factor Productivity of China Provincial Non-Life Insurance Market: A DEA-Malmquist Index Method","display_name":"Measuring Total Factor Productivity of China Provincial Non-Life Insurance Market: A DEA-Malmquist Index Method","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200510859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3022658","mag":"3200510859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/3022658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3022658","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/3022658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/3022658.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101764094","display_name":"YU Fang-ping","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1717-5627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangping Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Maritime University, School of Shipping Economics and Management, Dalian 116026, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1717-5627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, School of Shipping Economics and Management, Dalian 116026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028449004","display_name":"Hang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1609-6011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Maritime University, School of Shipping Economics and Management, Dalian 116026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, School of Shipping Economics and Management, Dalian 116026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101667073","display_name":"Jiaqi Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0896-7983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Maritime University, School of Shipping Economics and Management, Dalian 116026, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0896-7983","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, School of Shipping Economics and Management, Dalian 116026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057183166","display_name":"Haibo Kuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7914-6189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Maritime University, School of Shipping Economics and Management, Dalian 116026, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, School of Shipping Economics and Management, Dalian 116026, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101667073"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17736622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.9391999840736389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.9060999751091003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malmquist-index","display_name":"Malmquist index","score":0.841160237789154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-factor-productivity","display_name":"Total factor productivity","score":0.7461186051368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.6858031749725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.659038782119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.6455699801445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-insurance","display_name":"Life insurance","score":0.5475819706916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-change","display_name":"Technological change","score":0.501387357711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurance-industry","display_name":"Insurance industry","score":0.4383730888366699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-progress","display_name":"Technical progress","score":0.41991207003593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.41961216926574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.41645103693008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-economics","display_name":"Agricultural economics","score":0.408914178609848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3784770369529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.3614087700843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.2143358290195465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20145106315612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroeconomics","display_name":"Macroeconomics","score":0.08965286612510681}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777017832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6744383","display_name":"Malmquist index","level":4,"score":0.841160237789154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120009192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936153","display_name":"Total factor productivity","level":3,"score":0.7461186051368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6858031749725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.659038782119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.6455699801445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020299011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626608","display_name":"Life insurance","level":2,"score":0.5475819706916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.501387357711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984333267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43183","display_name":"Insurance industry","level":2,"score":0.4383730888366699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779578543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1605334","display_name":"Technical progress","level":2,"score":0.41991207003593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.41961216926574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41645103693008423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.408914178609848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3784770369529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3614087700843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2143358290195465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20145106315612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.08965286612510681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/3022658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3022658","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/3022658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:12d694f97663411eb727db08b91abecd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/12d694f97663411eb727db08b91abecd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/3022658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3022658","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/sp/2021/3022658.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166774750","display_name":"Scientific Programming","issn_l":"1058-9244","issn":["1058-9244","1875-919X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1267764054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M651101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1320168212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132021256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1390735445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72072018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1427755273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72072018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1529937665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021T140081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1709115714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132021257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1888498150","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71303026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1963561696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71303026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2153559050","display_name":"\u7eff\u8272\u6e2f\u53e3\u4e0e\u822a\u8fd0\u7f51\u7edc\u8fd0\u8425\u7ba1\u7406\u4f18\u5316\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"71831002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2168539421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71831002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2461458972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M651101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2508948149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132021257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2612309799","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M651101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2756241073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021T140081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2841468275","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71831002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3035791938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021T140081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3699431804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132021257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G373946279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021T140081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3838583410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132021256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G471010838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IRT_17R13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4949541937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IRT_17R13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5055804820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132021256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G524072305","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M651101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5636391224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IRT_17R13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5917647713","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72072018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6161461064","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6210\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5916\u8d38\u96c6\u88c5\u7bb1\u8fd0\u4ef7\u4fdd\u9669\u521b\u65b0\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"72072018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6534591040","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IRT_17R13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6593450425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132021256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7218237143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132021257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7480035849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71303026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8226102769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71303026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8560328199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71831002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321106","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200510859.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200510859.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492662576","https://openalex.org/W1971874452","https://openalex.org/W1980882767","https://openalex.org/W1998733805","https://openalex.org/W2027720260","https://openalex.org/W2046339259","https://openalex.org/W2073571227","https://openalex.org/W2077000358","https://openalex.org/W2081021453","https://openalex.org/W2082218577","https://openalex.org/W2089347020","https://openalex.org/W2095569416","https://openalex.org/W2122450147","https://openalex.org/W2126198187","https://openalex.org/W2153352948","https://openalex.org/W2162180338","https://openalex.org/W2162507239","https://openalex.org/W2166908568","https://openalex.org/W2194540577","https://openalex.org/W2298933805","https://openalex.org/W2514302804","https://openalex.org/W2743637909","https://openalex.org/W2894300003","https://openalex.org/W2899251860","https://openalex.org/W2900613018","https://openalex.org/W2964201283","https://openalex.org/W3035200824","https://openalex.org/W3047260351","https://openalex.org/W3121361868","https://openalex.org/W4232560633","https://openalex.org/W4235575937"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383669194","https://openalex.org/W2383169879","https://openalex.org/W2353257990","https://openalex.org/W2354881326","https://openalex.org/W2384439620","https://openalex.org/W587380481","https://openalex.org/W2378622330","https://openalex.org/W2380877584","https://openalex.org/W2371263131","https://openalex.org/W2356926900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,49,119],"unbalanced":[1],"economic":[2],"development":[3,173],"results":[4,50],"in":[5,8,16,40,53,65,79,84,89,108,165],"the":[6,12,21,28,54,73,80,85,90,94,102,109,113,132,137,154],"difference":[7],"operating":[9],"efficiency":[10,104,142],"of":[11,36,43,77,97,105,115,124,139,159],"non-life":[13,37,67,127,168],"insurance":[14,38,68,128,169],"industry":[15,129],"China\u2019s":[17,66,125,166],"provinces;":[18],"based":[19],"on":[20,131,153],"DEA-Malmquist":[22],"index":[23],"method,":[24],"this":[25],"paper":[26],"investigates":[27],"provincial":[29,126,167],"differences,":[30],"dynamic":[31],"change":[32],"characteristics,":[33],"and":[34,63,82,143,175],"causes":[35],"productivity":[39,123],"31":[41],"provinces":[42,62],"China":[44],"from":[45],"2004":[46],"to":[47,136,171],"2017.":[48],"show":[51],"that":[52],"sample":[55],"period,":[56],"there":[57],"are":[58,158],"significant":[59],"differences":[60],"between":[61],"regions":[64],"efficiency,":[69,145],"which":[70],"generally":[71],"shows":[72],"echelon":[74],"spatial":[75],"characteristics":[76],"\u201cstrong":[78],"west":[81],"weak":[83],"east\u201d.":[86],"Technological":[87],"progress":[88,107,148],"western":[91],"region":[92,111],"promotes":[93],"rapid":[95],"growth":[96],"total":[98,116,121],"factor":[99,117,122],"productivity,":[100],"while":[101,146],"low":[103],"technological":[106,147],"eastern":[110],"restrains":[112],"improvement":[114,138],"productivity.":[118],"overall":[120],"is":[130],"rise,":[133],"mainly":[134],"due":[135],"pure":[140],"technical":[141],"scale":[144],"has":[149],"an":[150],"inhibiting":[151],"effect":[152],"contrary.":[155],"These":[156],"conclusions":[157],"reference":[160],"value":[161],"for":[162],"relevant":[163],"stakeholders":[164],"market":[170],"formulate":[172],"strategies":[174],"business":[176],"strategies.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
