{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198851047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1193268","title":"Pedestrian Heading Estimation Methods Based on Multiple Phone Carrying Modes","display_name":"Pedestrian Heading Estimation Methods Based on Multiple Phone Carrying Modes","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198851047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1193268","mag":"3198851047"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/1193268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1193268","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/misy/2021/1193268.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152111507","display_name":"Mobile Information Systems","issn_l":"1574-017X","issn":["1574-017X","1875-905X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mobile Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/misy/2021/1193268.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101563801","display_name":"Ying Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4729-319X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103283609","display_name":"Hanshuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-5324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanshuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-5324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447775","display_name":"Jin Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7756-5104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101994048","display_name":"Shengli Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8852-8621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengli Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean Science and Engineering College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean Science and Engineering College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046069241","display_name":"Chenxi Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0056-3295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxi Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103283609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":0.1017,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43948071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heading","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","score":0.9149254560470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.610637366771698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6078802943229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.6039366126060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-reckoning","display_name":"Dead reckoning","score":0.5676534175872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/step-detection","display_name":"Step detection","score":0.5438632369041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-phone","display_name":"Mobile phone","score":0.5207326412200928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.5160762667655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroscope","display_name":"Gyroscope","score":0.5016422271728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.46432560682296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40498077869415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.40412548184394836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.360359787940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.34575650095939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.28280916810035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27490705251693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19366112351417542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1416008174419403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.116424560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.07036769390106201}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4384217","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.9149254560470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.610637366771698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6078802943229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.6039366126060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106165642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152255","display_name":"Dead reckoning","level":3,"score":0.5676534175872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C293773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7608015","display_name":"Step detection","level":3,"score":0.5438632369041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.5207326412200928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.5160762667655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.5016422271728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46432560682296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40498077869415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40412548184394836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.360359787940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.34575650095939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.28280916810035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27490705251693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19366112351417542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1416008174419403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.116424560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.07036769390106201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/1193268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1193268","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/misy/2021/1193268.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152111507","display_name":"Mobile Information Systems","issn_l":"1574-017X","issn":["1574-017X","1875-905X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mobile Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aacf9434d36f4000aad53fd65e91ed56","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aacf9434d36f4000aad53fd65e91ed56","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mobile Information Systems, Vol 2021 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hindawi.com:10.1155/2021/1193268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1193268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400340","display_name":"Hindawi Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126990","host_organization_name":"Hindawi (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Research Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2021/1193268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1193268","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/misy/2021/1193268.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152111507","display_name":"Mobile Information Systems","issn_l":"1574-017X","issn":["1574-017X","1875-905X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mobile Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198851047.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198851047.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995588456","https://openalex.org/W2027159213","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2116070975","https://openalex.org/W2159502462","https://openalex.org/W2275041219","https://openalex.org/W2281304535","https://openalex.org/W2319208717","https://openalex.org/W2377071437","https://openalex.org/W2383962587","https://openalex.org/W2608653446","https://openalex.org/W2766892407","https://openalex.org/W2787074751","https://openalex.org/W2805594094","https://openalex.org/W2895240804","https://openalex.org/W2911310752","https://openalex.org/W2918704254","https://openalex.org/W2953891845","https://openalex.org/W3015170249","https://openalex.org/W3102684045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973973903","https://openalex.org/W4287084017","https://openalex.org/W3208523813","https://openalex.org/W3195533899","https://openalex.org/W3179745820","https://openalex.org/W2537790823","https://openalex.org/W2077409896","https://openalex.org/W2087485917","https://openalex.org/W2800933538","https://openalex.org/W2555436023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,181],"development":[1],"of":[2,23,99,141,167,171,183,204,208],"smartphone":[3],"Micro-Electro-Mechanical":[4],"Systems":[5],"(MEMS)":[6],"inertial":[7],"sensors":[8],"has":[9],"provided":[10],"opportunities":[11],"to":[12,42,74,83,93,163],"improve":[13,149],"indoor":[14,24],"navigation":[15,25,51],"and":[16,61,125,148,218,227],"positioning":[17],"for":[18],"location-based":[19],"services.":[20],"One":[21],"area":[22],"research":[26],"uses":[27],"pedestrian":[28,70,102,133],"dead":[29],"reckoning":[30],"(PDR)":[31],"technology,":[32],"in":[33,52,67,109],"which":[34,68],"the":[35,43,64,69,72,77,85,90,94,100,132,150,154,165,168,172,179,191,196,205,209],"mobile":[36,55],"phone":[37,56,73,107],"must":[38],"typically":[39],"be":[40],"held":[41],"pedestrian\u2019s":[44,111,173],"chest.":[45],"In":[46,129],"this":[47,130],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"consider":[50],"three":[53,211],"other":[54],"carrying":[57],"modes:":[58],"\u201ccalling,\u201d":[59],"\u201cpocket,\u201d":[60],"\u201cswinging.\u201d":[62],"For":[63,105,153],"calling":[65,91],"mode,":[66,156],"holds":[71],"their":[75],"face,":[76],"rotation":[78,126],"matrix":[79],"method":[80,160],"is":[81,118,135,161,185],"used":[82,162],"convert":[84],"phone\u2019s":[86],"gyroscope":[87],"data":[88,142],"from":[89],"state":[92],"holding":[95],"state,":[96],"allowing":[97],"calculation":[98],"stable":[101],"forward":[103],"direction.":[104],"a":[106,110,114,139,157],"carried":[108],"trouser":[112],"pocket,":[113],"heading":[115,134,151,158,166,192,206,225],"complementary":[116],"equation":[117],"established":[119],"based":[120],"on":[121],"principal":[122],"component":[123],"analysis":[124,200],"approach":[127],"methods.":[128],"case,":[131],"calculated":[136],"by":[137,188],"determining":[138],"subset":[140],"that":[143,202],"avoid":[144],"180\u00b0":[145],"directional":[146],"ambiguity":[147],"accuracy.":[152],"swinging":[155],"capture":[159],"obtain":[164],"lowest":[169],"point":[170],"arm":[174,197],"swing":[175],"as":[176],"they":[177],"hold":[178],"phone.":[180],"direction":[182],"travel":[184],"then":[186],"determined":[187],"successively":[189],"adding":[190],"offsets":[193],"each":[194],"time":[195],"droops.":[198],"Experimental":[199],"shows":[201],"95%":[203],"errors":[207],"above":[210],"methods":[212],"are":[213],"less":[214],"than":[215],"5.81\u00b0,":[216],"10.73\u00b0,":[217],"9.22\u00b0,":[219],"respectively.":[220],"These":[221],"results":[222],"present":[223],"better":[224],"accuracy":[226],"reliability.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
