{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048089570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7975393","title":"A Blockchain Token-Based Trading Model for Secondary Spectrum Markets in Future Generation Mobile Networks","display_name":"A Blockchain Token-Based Trading Model for Secondary Spectrum Markets in Future Generation Mobile Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048089570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7975393","mag":"3048089570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/7975393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7975393","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2020/7975393.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S235346","display_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1530-8669","issn":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2020/7975393.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014342711","display_name":"Mubbashar Altaf Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6938-5525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mubbashar A. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro NC 27401, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6938-5525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro NC 27401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101868251","display_name":"Mohsin M. Jamali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-6546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114580094","display_name":"The University of Texas of the Permian Basin","ror":"https://ror.org/051smbs96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114580094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsin M. Jamali","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering at the University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-6546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering at the University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114580094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058275772","display_name":"Taras Maksymyuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2739-9862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98435010","display_name":"Lviv Polytechnic National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0542q3127","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98435010"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taras Maksymyuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2739-9862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98435010"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017059038","display_name":"Juraj Gazda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-9540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183764125","display_name":"Technical University of Ko\u0161ice","ror":"https://ror.org/05xm08015","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juraj Gazda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computers and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 00, Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-9540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computers and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 00, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017059038"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183764125"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"fwci":1.8778,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86384566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10047","display_name":"Financial Markets and Investment Strategies","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.973800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.6872783899307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.6639119982719421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-market","display_name":"Secondary market","score":0.5978662967681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.5963860750198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5804721117019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberian-dollar","display_name":"Liberian dollar","score":0.5693404078483582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-allocation","display_name":"Frequency allocation","score":0.4530952572822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidding","display_name":"Bidding","score":0.4197952151298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.41043755412101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.40051281452178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3967331051826477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3173397183418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.25798922777175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.20816147327423096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.6872783899307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.6639119982719421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90994476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486901","display_name":"Secondary market","level":3,"score":0.5978662967681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5963860750198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5804721117019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109168655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988","display_name":"Liberian dollar","level":2,"score":0.5693404078483582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134579502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455619","display_name":"Frequency allocation","level":2,"score":0.4530952572822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9233905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276328","display_name":"Bidding","level":2,"score":0.4197952151298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.41043755412101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.40051281452178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3967331051826477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3173397183418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.25798922777175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.20816147327423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200870193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11691","display_name":"Stock exchange","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/7975393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7975393","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2020/7975393.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S235346","display_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1530-8669","issn":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2abcd71574d745c39f49807d59f92466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2abcd71574d745c39f49807d59f92466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol 2020 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/7975393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7975393","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2020/7975393.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S235346","display_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1530-8669","issn":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G170866922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"APVV-18?","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323251","funder_display_name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3140235759","display_name":"Inteligentn\u00e9 riadenie 5G komunika\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov na b\u00e1ze komplexn\u00e9ho strojov\u00e9ho a hlbok\u00e9ho u\u010denia","funder_award_id":"APVV-18-0214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323251","funder_display_name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3280393167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0120U100674","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323251","funder_display_name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4731531923","display_name":"Zelen\u00e9 heterog\u00e9nne siete s podporou pohybliv\u00fdch b\u00e1zov\u00fdch stan\u00edc pre  5G+ bezdr\u00f4tov\u00fdch komunika\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov","funder_award_id":"1/0268/19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323641","funder_display_name":"Vedeck\u00e1 Grantov\u00e1 Agent\u00fara M\u0160VVa\u0160 SR a SAV"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6703556061","display_name":"Inteligentn\u00e9 dynamick\u00e9 riadenie frekven\u010dn\u00e9ho spektra pre nastupuj\u00face kognit\u00edvne komunika\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my","funder_award_id":"APVV-15-0055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323251","funder_display_name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7619014518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1/0268/19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323251","funder_display_name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G791075710","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"APVV-15","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323251","funder_display_name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323251","display_name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja","ror":"https://ror.org/037nx0e70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323641","display_name":"Vedeck\u00e1 Grantov\u00e1 Agent\u00fara M\u0160VVa\u0160 SR a SAV","ror":"https://ror.org/044gwpv05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048089570.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3048089570.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529743822","https://openalex.org/W1964667847","https://openalex.org/W1969641843","https://openalex.org/W1984014236","https://openalex.org/W2024583062","https://openalex.org/W2106237316","https://openalex.org/W2115459592","https://openalex.org/W2144369278","https://openalex.org/W2157859505","https://openalex.org/W2167574215","https://openalex.org/W2260940334","https://openalex.org/W2296154842","https://openalex.org/W2393512142","https://openalex.org/W2487128966","https://openalex.org/W2522324130","https://openalex.org/W2596439313","https://openalex.org/W2746553616","https://openalex.org/W2748555356","https://openalex.org/W2809586527","https://openalex.org/W2913091928","https://openalex.org/W2973727956","https://openalex.org/W2976008907","https://openalex.org/W3003663149","https://openalex.org/W3023134883"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973188465","https://openalex.org/W1801728885","https://openalex.org/W2236567279","https://openalex.org/W2483502620","https://openalex.org/W4249464527","https://openalex.org/W4231445717","https://openalex.org/W2506806949","https://openalex.org/W3049580221","https://openalex.org/W2774397871","https://openalex.org/W3124537803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0],"radio":[1,68],"(CR)":[2],"technology":[3],"offers":[4],"the":[5,16,33,37,60,94,101,118,128,135,140,158,170,176,181,185,200,209,214],"possibility":[6],"of":[7,24,35,73,90,107,175,217],"an":[8,51],"increase":[9,194],"in":[10,139],"spectrum":[11,18,26,39,41,61,69,74,79,91,104,144,154,177,195],"utilization":[12],"efficiency":[13],"to":[14,117,127,148,207],"resolve":[15],"prevalent":[17],"scarcity":[19],"problem.":[20],"The":[21,71,88,142,173],"economic":[22,188,210],"survival":[23],"secondary":[25,67,78,103,115,143],"markets":[27],"(SSMs)":[28],"is":[29,146],"heavily":[30],"dependent":[31],"on":[32,84,100],"sharing":[34],"both":[36],"licensed":[38,45],"and":[40,93,134,212],"infrastructure":[42],"by":[43,152,190],"primary":[44],"operators":[46],"(PLOs).":[47],"In":[48,198],"this":[49],"research,":[50],"automated":[52],"pricing":[53,89],"model":[54],"using":[55],"a":[56,85,124,153],"blockchain":[57],"token":[58],"called":[59],"dollar":[62,178],"has":[63],"been":[64],"implemented":[65],"for":[66,161,169,187],"trade.":[70],"use":[72,174],"dollars":[75,92],"enables":[76],"noncash-based":[77],"trade":[80,145],"among":[81],"PLOs":[82,109,191],"based":[83,99],"floor-and-trade":[86,182],"rule.":[87],"associated":[95],"revenue":[96,168],"shares":[97],"are":[98],"underlying":[102],"trading":[105],"behaviours":[106],"PLOs.":[108],"that":[110,192],"do":[111],"not":[112],"contribute":[113],"enough":[114],"spectra":[116],"SSM":[119],"(to":[120],"satisfy":[121],"demand)":[122],"suffer":[123],"loss":[125],"proportional":[126],"difference":[129],"between":[130],"their":[131],"earned":[132],"revenues":[133],"specified":[136],"floor":[137,159,201],"value":[138,160,202],"SSM.":[141],"assumed":[147],"be":[149],"centrally":[150],"managed":[151],"broker,":[155],"which":[156],"announces":[157],"each":[162],"bidding":[163],"period":[164],"while":[165],"ensuring":[166],"nonnegative":[167],"market":[171],"itself.":[172],"along":[179],"with":[180],"methodology":[183],"eliminates":[184],"possibilities":[186],"malpractice":[189],"could":[193],"reuse":[196],"costs.":[197],"addition,":[199],"provides":[203],"automatic":[204],"regulatory":[205],"control":[206],"ensure":[208],"viability":[211],"prevent":[213],"technological":[215],"hijacking":[216],"future":[218],"SSMs.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
