{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3080500945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7274254","title":"Intelligent Buses in a Loop Service: Emergence of <i>No-Boarding</i> and <i>Holding</i> Strategies","display_name":"Intelligent Buses in a Loop Service: Emergence of <i>No-Boarding</i> and <i>Holding</i> Strategies","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3080500945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7274254","mag":"3080500945"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/7274254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7274254","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/7274254.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/7274254.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084398063","display_name":"Vee-Liem Saw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3621-3799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vee-Liem Saw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Centre, Block N4 #02a-32, Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Centre, Block N4 #02a-32, Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046093006","display_name":"Luca Vismara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-7975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Vismara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Complexity Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, 61 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Complexity Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, 61 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070055120","display_name":"Lock Yue Chew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1366-8205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lock Yue Chew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Complexity Institute, 61 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Centre, Block N4 #02a-32, Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Complexity Institute, 61 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Centre, Block N4 #02a-32, Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070055120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":1.1072,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78118439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6285441517829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6111723184585571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.5636889934539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5282073616981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44615840911865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.4070129692554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.383438378572464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35730665922164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.34699517488479614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2435547411441803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.18348541855812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.09861674904823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.08095410466194153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6285441517829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6111723184585571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.5636889934539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5282073616981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44615840911865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4070129692554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.383438378572464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35730665922164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.34699517488479614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2435547411441803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.18348541855812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.09861674904823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.08095410466194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/7274254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7274254","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/7274254.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/7274254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7274254","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/7274254.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336864","display_name":"Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080500945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3080500945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571504780","https://openalex.org/W1963778573","https://openalex.org/W1972922866","https://openalex.org/W1995333595","https://openalex.org/W2032048634","https://openalex.org/W2034628819","https://openalex.org/W2039559615","https://openalex.org/W2044972327","https://openalex.org/W2045350611","https://openalex.org/W2045740673","https://openalex.org/W2055237722","https://openalex.org/W2062710162","https://openalex.org/W2062905113","https://openalex.org/W2067909423","https://openalex.org/W2073040622","https://openalex.org/W2085002156","https://openalex.org/W2089577733","https://openalex.org/W2099488522","https://openalex.org/W2124597594","https://openalex.org/W2151721306","https://openalex.org/W2156006942","https://openalex.org/W2164159470","https://openalex.org/W2254213553","https://openalex.org/W2406875396","https://openalex.org/W2472567412","https://openalex.org/W2605331792","https://openalex.org/W2757564505","https://openalex.org/W2894631729","https://openalex.org/W2902717002","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2903349870","https://openalex.org/W2953636684","https://openalex.org/W3012824443","https://openalex.org/W3099048332","https://openalex.org/W3102535704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571","https://openalex.org/W2964765435","https://openalex.org/W4391331176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"study":[1],"how":[2],"<mml:math":[3,12],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[4,13],"id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math>":[5],"intelligent":[6,103],"buses":[7,63,104,119,142],"serving":[8],"a":[9,18,22,42,46,67,89],"loop":[10],"of":[11,37,92,102,113],"id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>M</mml:mi></mml:math>":[14],"bus":[15,43,47],"stops":[16],"learn":[17,143],"no-boarding":[19,29],"strategy":[20,24],"and":[21,30,49],"holding":[23,31],"by":[25],"reinforcement":[26,79],"learning.":[27],"The":[28],"strategies":[32],"emerge":[33],"from":[34],"the":[35,62,78,109,122,141],"actions":[36,136],"stay":[38],"or":[39,125],"leave":[40],"when":[41],"is":[44,96],"at":[45],"stop":[48],"everyone":[50],"who":[51],"wishes":[52],"to":[53,64,82,84,107,144],"alight":[54],"has":[55],"done":[56],"so.":[57],"A":[58],"reward":[59],"that":[60,98],"encourages":[61],"strive":[65],"towards":[66],"staggered":[68],"phase":[69],"difference":[70],"amongst":[71],"them":[72],"whilst":[73],"picking":[74],"up":[75],"passengers":[76],"allows":[77],"learning":[80],"process":[81],"converge":[83],"an":[85],"optimal":[86],"Q-table":[87],"within":[88],"reasonable":[90],"amount":[91],"simulation":[93],"time.":[94],"It":[95],"remarkable":[97],"this":[99],"emergent":[100],"behaviour":[101],"turns":[105],"out":[106],"minimise":[108],"average":[110],"waiting":[111],"time":[112],"commuters,":[114],"in":[115],"various":[116],"setups":[117],"where":[118],"move":[120],"with":[121],"same":[123],"speed":[124],"different":[126],"speeds,":[127],"during":[128],"busy":[129],"as":[130,132],"well":[131],"lull":[133],"periods.":[134],"Cooperative":[135],"are":[137],"also":[138],"observed,":[139],"e.g.,":[140],"unbunch":[145],".":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}