{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3039917573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7041310","title":"Development of Paddy Rice Seed Classification Process using Machine Learning Techniques for Automatic Grading Machine","display_name":"Development of Paddy Rice Seed Classification Process using Machine Learning Techniques for Automatic Grading Machine","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3039917573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7041310","mag":"3039917573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/7041310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7041310","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2020/7041310.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2020/7041310.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035491316","display_name":"Kantip Kiratiratanapruk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-0246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14316845","display_name":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04z82ry91","country_code":"TH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332092204","https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kantip Kiratiratanapruk","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-0246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044965648","display_name":"Pitchayagan Temniranrat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1951-7419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14316845","display_name":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04z82ry91","country_code":"TH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332092204","https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pitchayagan Temniranrat","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017059239","display_name":"Wasin Sinthupinyo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1804-3191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14316845","display_name":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04z82ry91","country_code":"TH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332092204","https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wasin Sinthupinyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019701544","display_name":"Panintorn Prempree","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3793-4256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14316845","display_name":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04z82ry91","country_code":"TH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332092204","https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panintorn Prempree","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084371371","display_name":"Kosom Chaitavon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1577-1126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14316845","display_name":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04z82ry91","country_code":"TH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332092204","https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kosom Chaitavon","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006884710","display_name":"Supanit Porntheeraphat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0986-473X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14316845","display_name":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04z82ry91","country_code":"TH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332092204","https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Supanit Porntheeraphat","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14316845"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005094218","display_name":"Anchalee Prasertsak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121587","display_name":"UbonRatchathani Rice Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02yczqn06","country_code":"TH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121587"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anchalee Prasertsak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121587"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035491316"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14316845"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":11.5633,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9849353,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13142","display_name":"GABA and Rice Research","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8216469883918762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6909676790237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.670320451259613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5518282055854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46737948060035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.4668249487876892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43652400374412537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8216469883918762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6909676790237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.670320451259613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5518282055854797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46737948060035706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4668249487876892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43652400374412537}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/7041310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7041310","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2020/7041310.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:83d96b1bd18d49909d02b2e293045a58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/83d96b1bd18d49909d02b2e293045a58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol 2020 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/7041310","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7041310","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2020/7041310.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318738","display_name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives","ror":"https://ror.org/03np0rt96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322437","display_name":"National Science and Technology Development Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/04vy95b61"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3039917573.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3039917573.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1723129825","https://openalex.org/W1911842519","https://openalex.org/W2037828218","https://openalex.org/W2062647005","https://openalex.org/W2082855248","https://openalex.org/W2324320404","https://openalex.org/W2510660895","https://openalex.org/W2562899062","https://openalex.org/W2781547414","https://openalex.org/W2792817593","https://openalex.org/W2904143731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066827917","https://openalex.org/W2601157893","https://openalex.org/W2095030957","https://openalex.org/W2373006798","https://openalex.org/W2056912418","https://openalex.org/W2112208972","https://openalex.org/W2123759770","https://openalex.org/W2033213769","https://openalex.org/W2151520854","https://openalex.org/W2811390910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"increase":[1],"productivity":[2],"in":[3,34,122,198,224,255,262],"agricultural":[4],"production,":[5],"speed,":[6],"and":[7,18,29,37,42,58,103,145,162,169,177,201,222,227,229,270],"accuracy":[8,212,237],"is":[9],"the":[10,109,119,123,155,186,193,216,230,235,239,256,260],"key":[11],"requirement":[12],"for":[13,50,154,185,204],"long-term":[14],"economic":[15],"growth,":[16],"competitiveness,":[17],"sustainability.":[19],"Traditional":[20],"manual":[21],"paddy":[22],"rice":[23,78,104,194,280],"seed":[24,85,114,120,137,268],"classification":[25,187,281],"operations":[26],"are":[27,39,54],"costly":[28],"unreliable":[30],"because":[31],"human":[32],"decisions":[33],"identifying":[35],"objects":[36],"issues":[38],"inconsistent,":[40],"subjective,":[41],"slow.":[43],"Machine":[44],"vision":[45,71,284],"technology":[46,72],"provides":[47],"an":[48,253],"alternative":[49],"automated":[51],"processes,":[52,98],"which":[53],"nondestructive,":[55],"cost-effective,":[56],"fast,":[57],"accurate":[59],"techniques.":[60],"In":[61,190,249],"this":[62],"work,":[63],"we":[64,251],"presented":[65],"a":[66,87,113,127,276],"study":[67,274],"that":[68,117],"utilized":[69],"machine":[70,166,283],"to":[73,91,133,150],"classify":[74],"14":[75],"Oryza":[76],"sativa":[77],"varieties.":[79],"Each":[80],"cultivar":[81],"used":[82],"over":[83],"3,500":[84],"samples,":[86],"total":[88],"of":[89,164,259,264,279],"close":[90],"50,000":[92],"seeds.":[93],"There":[94],"were":[95,183,196],"three":[96],"main":[97],"including":[99,142],"preprocessing,":[100],"feature":[101],"extraction,":[102],"variety":[105],"classification.":[106,156],"We":[107],"started":[108],"first":[110],"process":[111],"using":[112,282],"orientation":[115,269],"method":[116,130,218],"aligned":[118],"bodies":[121],"same":[124],"direction.":[125],"Next,":[126],"quality":[128,271],"screening":[129],"was":[131,148,213,243],"applied":[132,184],"detect":[134],"unusual":[135],"physical":[136,140],"samples.":[138],"Their":[139],"information":[141],"shape,":[143],"color,":[144],"texture":[146],"properties":[147],"extracted":[149],"be":[151],"data":[152,265],"representations":[153],"Four":[157],"methods":[158],"(LR,":[159],"LDA,":[160],"k-NN,":[161],"SVM)":[163],"statistical":[165],"learning":[167,181,241],"techniques":[168,182,242],"five":[170],"pretrained":[171],"models":[172],"(VGG16,":[173],"VGG19,":[174],"Xception,":[175],"InceptionV3,":[176],"InceptionResNetV2)":[178],"on":[179,238],"deep":[180,240],"performance":[188,258],"comparison.":[189],"our":[191],"study,":[192],"dataset":[195],"classified":[197],"both":[199],"subgroups":[200,225],"collective":[202,231],"groups":[203],"studying":[205],"ambiguous":[206],"relationships":[207],"among":[208],"them.":[209],"The":[210],"best":[211,236],"obtained":[214],"from":[215,246],"SVM":[217],"at":[219,244],"90.61%,":[220],"82.71%,":[221],"83.9%":[223],"1":[226],"2":[228],"group,":[232],"respectively,":[233],"while":[234],"95.15%":[245],"InceptionResNetV2":[247],"models.":[248],"addition,":[250],"showed":[252],"improvement":[254],"overall":[257],"system":[261],"terms":[263],"qualities":[266],"involving":[267],"screening.":[272],"Our":[273],"demonstrated":[275],"practical":[277],"design":[278],"technology.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}