{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034664581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6269394","title":"Improved Spatial Resolution of Electroencephalogram Using Tripolar Concentric Ring Electrode Sensors","display_name":"Improved Spatial Resolution of Electroencephalogram Using Tripolar Concentric Ring Electrode Sensors","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034664581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6269394","mag":"3034664581"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/6269394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6269394","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2020/6269394.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2020/6269394.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115592209","display_name":"Xiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1499-147X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 4 East Alumni Ave., Kingston, RI 02881, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 4 East Alumni Ave., Kingston, RI 02881, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011899697","display_name":"Oleksandr Makeyev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2648-0500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142089014","display_name":"Din\u00e9 College","ror":"https://ror.org/03rbsqr59","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142089014"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oleksandr Makeyev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Din\u00e9 College, 1 Circle Dr., Tsaile, AZ 86556, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2648-0500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Din\u00e9 College, 1 Circle Dr., Tsaile, AZ 86556, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142089014"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043967761","display_name":"Walter G. Besio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-5483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17626003","display_name":"University of Rhode Island","ror":"https://ror.org/013ckk937","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter Besio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 4 East Alumni Ave., Kingston, RI 02881, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-5483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 4 East Alumni Ave., Kingston, RI 02881, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17626003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011899697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142089014"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":1.3703,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79895658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7038688063621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millisecond","display_name":"Millisecond","score":0.5709923505783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.5584184527397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-evoked-potentials","display_name":"Visual evoked potentials","score":0.4820438325405121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4650951623916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-resolution","display_name":"Temporal resolution","score":0.44788992404937744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concentric","display_name":"Concentric","score":0.4437190592288971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4006669223308563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38631772994995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3804023861885071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.31776151061058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2518778443336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.23543217778205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16421815752983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10046109557151794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7038688063621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60327585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q723733","display_name":"Millisecond","level":2,"score":0.5709923505783081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5584184527397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018323323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618678","display_name":"Visual evoked potentials","level":2,"score":0.4820438325405121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4650951623916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119666444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977280","display_name":"Temporal resolution","level":2,"score":0.44788992404937744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90296322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619776","display_name":"Concentric","level":2,"score":0.4437190592288971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4006669223308563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38631772994995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3804023861885071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.31776151061058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2518778443336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.23543217778205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16421815752983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10046109557151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/6269394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6269394","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2020/6269394.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.uri.edu:ele_facpubs-1100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/ele_facpubs/101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764761010","display_name":"Journal of Media Literacy Education","issn_l":"2167-8715","issn":["2167-8715"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316378","host_organization_name":"National Association for Media Literacy Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316378"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Association for Media Literacy Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:974484ada3244a388795ce9e400fe20a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/974484ada3244a388795ce9e400fe20a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol 2020 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/6269394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6269394","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2020/6269394.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1375729331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1157882","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6136889211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1622481","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8519910372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0933596","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8676854809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1914787","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034664581.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3034664581.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964945061","https://openalex.org/W1975153169","https://openalex.org/W1996717576","https://openalex.org/W2002425529","https://openalex.org/W2019885188","https://openalex.org/W2056144146","https://openalex.org/W2058850340","https://openalex.org/W2066043610","https://openalex.org/W2084999570","https://openalex.org/W2090131386","https://openalex.org/W2095590015","https://openalex.org/W2105957367","https://openalex.org/W2109100179","https://openalex.org/W2121832332","https://openalex.org/W2129890330","https://openalex.org/W2153336488","https://openalex.org/W2170738061","https://openalex.org/W2172239315","https://openalex.org/W2416582535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054411617","https://openalex.org/W2088273151","https://openalex.org/W1966472837","https://openalex.org/W4385556320","https://openalex.org/W4307813316","https://openalex.org/W4404748375","https://openalex.org/W2071207587","https://openalex.org/W4320807967","https://openalex.org/W2039246943","https://openalex.org/W4385545596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"electroencephalogram":[1],"(EEG)":[2],"is":[3],"broadly":[4],"used":[5],"for":[6,40],"research":[7],"of":[8,13,24,48,135,140,146],"brain":[9,14,133],"activities":[10],"and":[11,16,53,68,83,94,122,144,161],"diagnosis":[12],"diseases":[15],"disorders.":[17],"Although":[18],"EEG":[19,79],"provides":[20],"good":[21,32],"temporal":[22],"resolution":[23,76,121],"millisecond":[25],"or":[26],"less,":[27],"it":[28],"does":[29],"not":[30],"provide":[31,114],"spatial":[33,43,75,120],"resolution.":[34],"There":[35],"are":[36],"two":[37],"main":[38],"reasons":[39],"the":[41,45,49,105,132,141,158],"poor":[42,54],"resolution:":[44],"blurring":[46],"effects":[47],"head":[50],"volume":[51],"conductor":[52],"signal-to-noise":[55],"ratio.":[56],"We":[57,87,150],"have":[58],"developed":[59],"a":[60,116],"tripolar":[61],"concentric":[62],"ring":[63],"electrode":[64,81],"(TCRE)":[65],"Laplacian":[66,85,111],"sensor":[67],"now":[69],"report":[70],"on":[71,157],"computer":[72],"simulations":[73],"comparing":[74],"between":[77],"conventional":[78,170],"disc":[80,171],"sensors":[82,112,130],"TCRE":[84,110,129],"sensors.":[86],"also":[88,152],"performed":[89],"visual":[90,96],"evoked":[91,97],"stimulus":[92],"experiments":[93],"acquired":[95],"potentials":[98],"(VEPs)":[99],"from":[100,125],"healthy":[101],"human":[102],"subjects.":[103],"From":[104],"simulations,":[106],"we":[107],"found":[108],"that":[109,163],"can":[113],"approximately":[115],"tenfold":[117],"improvement":[118],"in":[119],"pass":[123],"signals":[124,143],"specific":[126],"volumes.":[127],"Placing":[128],"near":[131],"region":[134],"interest":[136],"will":[137],"allow":[138],"passage":[139],"wanted":[142],"rejection":[145],"distant":[147],"interference":[148],"signals.":[149],"were":[151],"able":[153],"to":[154],"detect":[155],"VEPs":[156],"scalp":[159],"surface":[160],"show":[162],"TCREs":[164],"separated":[165],"VEP":[166],"sources":[167],"better":[168],"than":[169],"electrodes.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}