{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3033051120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4697345","title":"Optimizations for FPGA-Based Ultrasound Multiple-Access Spread Spectrum Ranging","display_name":"Optimizations for FPGA-Based Ultrasound Multiple-Access Spread Spectrum Ranging","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3033051120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4697345","mag":"3033051120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/4697345","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4697345","pdf_url":"http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1914801.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1914801.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091816946","display_name":"Laurent Segers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laurent Segers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-0026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011861898","display_name":"An Braeken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-915X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Braeken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079271428","display_name":"Abdellah Touhafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-180X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdellah Touhafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Elsene 1050, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091816946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"apc_list":{"value":2375,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2375},"apc_paid":{"value":2375,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2375},"fwci":0.2441,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49368926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.9144352674484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6540687084197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.6228348612785339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5919042825698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5474089980125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-sequence-spread-spectrum","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","score":0.4945819079875946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirp","display_name":"Chirp","score":0.4655820429325104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4575445353984833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.4199840724468231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.4157432019710541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.41019344329833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.3735198378562927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3196701407432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2168588638305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21104022860527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.20613551139831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13827836513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.10192543268203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.09304407238960266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.9144352674484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6540687084197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.6228348612785339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5919042825698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5474089980125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194491627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334354","display_name":"Direct-sequence spread spectrum","level":4,"score":0.4945819079875946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132794960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27304","display_name":"Chirp","level":3,"score":0.4655820429325104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4575445353984833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.4199840724468231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.4157432019710541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.41019344329833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.3735198378562927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3196701407432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2168588638305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21104022860527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.20613551139831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13827836513519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.10192543268203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.09304407238960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/4697345","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4697345","pdf_url":"http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1914801.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vubissmart:VUBISSMART:2000:130954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubir/optimizations-for-fpgabased-ultrasound-multiple-access-spread-spectrum-ranging(540efaf7-daf6-4d61-90fd-343185be300c).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402573","display_name":"VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd05dcfa266b429f89fe925d73e9854a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd05dcfa266b429f89fe925d73e9854a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol 2020 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/4697345","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4697345","pdf_url":"http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/1914801.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3033051120.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3033051120.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1839610612","https://openalex.org/W1967214157","https://openalex.org/W1977356379","https://openalex.org/W1984386576","https://openalex.org/W2000146415","https://openalex.org/W2000430915","https://openalex.org/W2006036128","https://openalex.org/W2007220386","https://openalex.org/W2014783995","https://openalex.org/W2040568806","https://openalex.org/W2040675918","https://openalex.org/W2054325583","https://openalex.org/W2054551089","https://openalex.org/W2065399045","https://openalex.org/W2072489003","https://openalex.org/W2081400868","https://openalex.org/W2098899602","https://openalex.org/W2103080574","https://openalex.org/W2112735202","https://openalex.org/W2128587884","https://openalex.org/W2141882927","https://openalex.org/W2148566104","https://openalex.org/W2157665065","https://openalex.org/W2162926674","https://openalex.org/W2287002002","https://openalex.org/W2343107556","https://openalex.org/W2417291942","https://openalex.org/W2474730334","https://openalex.org/W2507840081","https://openalex.org/W2558638228","https://openalex.org/W2579295549","https://openalex.org/W2608539850","https://openalex.org/W2609501249","https://openalex.org/W2766513146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4224302876","https://openalex.org/W2304504342","https://openalex.org/W2358841638","https://openalex.org/W2362112362","https://openalex.org/W2394108910","https://openalex.org/W242789257","https://openalex.org/W2720413303","https://openalex.org/W2101633176","https://openalex.org/W2360749942","https://openalex.org/W2385187332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"localization":[1],"based":[2],"on":[3,19,67,135,193,210],"ultrasound":[4,22,32,114,141,147],"signals":[5,115],"has":[6],"been":[7,45],"carried":[8],"out":[9],"by":[10],"several":[11],"research":[12],"groups.":[13],"Most":[14],"of":[15,28,70,72,204,244],"the":[16,26,31,51,54,68,73,108,122,127,170,178,245,251],"techniques":[17,42,98,130],"rely":[18],"a":[20,35,211,235],"single":[21],"pulse":[23,180],"ranging,":[24],"where":[25],"Time":[27],"Flight":[29],"between":[30,53],"emitters":[33,59,199],"and":[34,47,56,85,96,133,157,186,227,240],"receiver":[36,55,143],"is":[37,150,222],"computed.":[38],"Ultrasound":[39],"orthogonal":[40,202],"modulation":[41,74,129,153,246],"have":[43],"also":[44],"investigated":[46],"allow":[48],"to":[49,196,219],"compute":[50],"range":[52],"multiple":[57],"simultaneous":[58],"with":[60,200,230],"increased":[61],"accuracy.":[62],"However,":[63],"no":[64],"comparative":[65],"investigation":[66],"possibilities":[69],"each":[71,243],"techniques,":[75],"comprising":[76],"Direct":[77],"Sequence":[78],"Spread":[79,83,87],"Spectrum,":[80,84,88],"Frequency":[81],"Hopping":[82],"Chirp":[86],"could":[89,116],"be":[90,118,208],"found.":[91],"Also,":[92],"common":[93],"optimized":[94,132,160],"demodulation":[95],"correlation":[97],"for":[99,111,120,145,159,169,242],"FPGA":[100,164],"ready":[101],"implementations":[102],"are":[103,131,155,167,175,248],"not":[104,117],"widely":[105],"available.":[106],"Moreover,":[107],"hardware":[109,144],"requirements":[110,239],"capturing":[112,149],"modulated":[113],"found":[119],"all":[121],"techniques.":[123],"In":[124,214],"this":[125],"work,":[126],"different":[128],"implemented":[134,171],"an":[136,201],"FPGA.":[137,213],"A":[138],"dedicated":[139],"custom":[140],"MEMS-based":[142],"broadband":[146],"signal":[148,161],"developed.":[151],"Several":[152],"parameters":[154],"developed":[156],"applied":[158],"processing.":[162],"The":[163,238],"resource":[165],"consumptions":[166],"evaluated":[168],"methods.":[172],"All":[173],"methods":[174],"compared":[176],"against":[177],"regular":[179],"ranging":[181,188,217],"method,":[182],"in":[183,224,250],"both":[184,225],"single-access":[185],"multiple-access":[187,228],"mode.":[189],"Results":[190],"show":[191],"that,":[192],"average,":[194],"up":[195,218],"8":[197,220],"ultrasound-modulated":[198],"sequence":[203],"length":[205],"63":[206],"can":[207],"demodulated":[209],"Zynq7020":[212],"most":[215],"cases,":[216],"m":[221],"demonstrated":[223],"single-":[226],"mode,":[229],"accuracies":[231],"generally":[232],"remaining":[233],"at":[234],"centimeter":[236],"level.":[237],"capabilities":[241],"schemes":[247],"highlighted":[249],"conclusions.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}