{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007372812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3909763","title":"Cyber-Physical Security with RF Fingerprint Classification through Distance Measure Extensions of Generalized Relevance Learning Vector Quantization","display_name":"Cyber-Physical Security with RF Fingerprint Classification through Distance Measure Extensions of Generalized Relevance Learning Vector Quantization","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007372812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3909763","mag":"3007372812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/3909763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3909763","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2020/3909763.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2020/3909763.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072710973","display_name":"Trevor Bihl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2431-2749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Trevor J. Bihl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Sensors Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069401578","display_name":"Todd J. Paciencia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3703-1559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd J. Paciencia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111847405","display_name":"Kenneth W. Bauer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth W. Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086759726","display_name":"Michael A. Temple","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8016-3293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Temple","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072710973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":0.6628,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74832146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-vector-quantization","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","score":0.8708864450454712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7382388114929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-quantization","display_name":"Vector quantization","score":0.6516681909561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5276381373405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5246027708053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.520408034324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4808388650417328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.4786975681781769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.45094752311706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42152416706085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40276163816452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.370977520942688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40567965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820283","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","level":3,"score":0.8708864450454712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7382388114929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199833920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612536","display_name":"Vector quantization","level":2,"score":0.6516681909561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5276381373405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5246027708053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.520408034324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4808388650417328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.4786975681781769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.45094752311706543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42152416706085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40276163816452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.370977520942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/3909763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3909763","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2020/3909763.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6f9d7431887f4e79be85b41d5195e17a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6f9d7431887f4e79be85b41d5195e17a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks, Vol 2020 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hindawi.com:10.1155/2020/3909763","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3909763","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400340","display_name":"Hindawi Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126990","host_organization_name":"Hindawi (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Research Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/3909763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3909763","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2020/3909763.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3007372812.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3007372812.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1268738984","https://openalex.org/W1970247550","https://openalex.org/W1976842305","https://openalex.org/W1985246807","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W2006207603","https://openalex.org/W2011174648","https://openalex.org/W2018233779","https://openalex.org/W2024753100","https://openalex.org/W2035844175","https://openalex.org/W2041709363","https://openalex.org/W2052476756","https://openalex.org/W2067509137","https://openalex.org/W2070196900","https://openalex.org/W2094150678","https://openalex.org/W2123735340","https://openalex.org/W2132549764","https://openalex.org/W2136944379","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2151941540","https://openalex.org/W2153500642","https://openalex.org/W2169159892","https://openalex.org/W2305049525","https://openalex.org/W2402043120","https://openalex.org/W2575026830","https://openalex.org/W3098974901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100968651","https://openalex.org/W4243803532","https://openalex.org/W2352648934","https://openalex.org/W4230688072","https://openalex.org/W1915693853","https://openalex.org/W2378212145","https://openalex.org/W2798892016","https://openalex.org/W2100492357","https://openalex.org/W2202992072","https://openalex.org/W2181453615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radio":[0],"frequency":[1],"(RF)":[2],"fingerprinting":[3,65],"extracts":[4],"fingerprint":[5],"features":[6],"from":[7],"RF":[8,64,192,196],"signals":[9,193],"to":[10,104,132,150,166,198,255,261],"protect":[11],"against":[12],"masquerade":[13],"attacks":[14],"by":[15],"enabling":[16],"reliable":[17,29],"authentication":[18,30],"of":[19,31,76,164],"communication":[20,32,207],"devices":[21,33,203],"at":[22],"the":[23,28,70,107,151,156,174,185,226,239,249,252],"\u201cserial":[24],"number\u201d":[25],"level.":[26],"Facilitating":[27],"are":[34,93,101,129,148,204,223],"machine":[35],"learning":[36],"(ML)":[37],"algorithms":[38,247],"which":[39,59,86],"find":[40],"meaningful":[41],"statistical":[42],"differences":[43],"between":[44,95],"measured":[45],"data.":[46,88,108],"The":[47,231],"Generalized":[48],"Relevance":[49],"Learning":[50,71],"Vector":[51,72],"Quantization-Improved":[52],"(GRLVQI)":[53],"classifier":[54,177],"is":[55,259],"one":[56],"ML":[57],"algorithm":[58,144,242],"has":[60],"shown":[61],"efficacy":[62],"for":[63],"device":[66],"discrimination.":[67],"GRLVQI":[68,109,128,165,176,229,241,258],"extends":[69,110],"Quantization":[73],"(LVQ)":[74],"family":[75],"\u201cwinner":[77],"take":[78],"all\u201d":[79],"classifiers":[80],"that":[81],"develop":[82,159,195],"prototype":[83],"vectors":[84],"(PVs)":[85],"represent":[87,106],"In":[89],"LVQ":[90,111,126],"algorithms,":[91],"distances":[92],"computed":[94],"exemplars":[96],"and":[97,99,119,127,140,171,194,216,220],"PVs,":[98],"PVs":[100],"iteratively":[102],"moved":[103],"accurately":[105],"with":[112,225,245],"a":[113,133,141],"sigmoidal":[114],"cost":[115],"function,":[116],"relevance":[117],"learning,":[118],"PV":[120],"update":[121],"logic":[122],"improvements.":[123],"However,":[124],"both":[125],"limited":[130],"due":[131],"reliance":[134],"on":[135],"squared":[136],"Euclidean":[137],"distance":[138,153,169],"measures":[139,170],"seemingly":[142],"complex":[143],"structure":[145],"if":[146],"changes":[147],"made":[149,224],"underlying":[152],"measure.":[154],"Herein,":[155],"authors":[157,186],"(1)":[158],"GRLVQI-D":[160],"(distance),":[161],"an":[162],"extension":[163],"consider":[167,187],"alternative":[168,262],"(2)":[172],"present":[173],"Cosine":[175,228,240,257],"using":[178,238],"this":[179,183],"framework.":[180],"To":[181],"evaluate":[182],"framework,":[184],"experimentally":[188],"collected":[189],"Z":[190,201],"-wave":[191,202],"fingerprints":[197],"identify":[199],"devices.":[200],"low-cost,":[205],"low-power":[206],"technologies":[208],"seen":[209],"increasingly":[210],"in":[211,248],"critical":[212],"infrastructure.":[213],"Both":[214],"classification":[215],"verification,":[217],"claimed":[218],"identity,":[219],"performance":[221,236],"comparisons":[222],"new":[227],"algorithm.":[230],"results":[232],"show":[233],"more":[234],"robust":[235],"when":[237,243],"compared":[244],"four":[246],"literature.":[250],"Additionally,":[251],"methodology":[253],"used":[254],"create":[256],"generalizable":[260],"measures.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}