{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3018858241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3578736","title":"Depth Penetration and Scope Extension of Failures in the Cascading of Multilayer Networks","display_name":"Depth Penetration and Scope Extension of Failures in the Cascading of Multilayer Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3018858241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3578736","mag":"3018858241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/3578736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3578736","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/3578736.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/3578736.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102716028","display_name":"Wenjun Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2244-5196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151501","display_name":"Hangzhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/014v1mr15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Jun Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Complexity Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Complexity Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055158797","display_name":"Run-Ran Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151501","display_name":"Hangzhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/014v1mr15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Run-Ran Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Complexity Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Complexity Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024824662","display_name":"Chun-Xiao Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9792-3594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151501","display_name":"Hangzhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/014v1mr15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Xiao Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Complexity Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Complexity Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055158797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":0.3998,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57504565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependent-networks","display_name":"Interdependent networks","score":0.9324045181274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascading-failure","display_name":"Cascading failure","score":0.8294468522071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6839268207550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependence","display_name":"Interdependence","score":0.6532480716705322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.596176028251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/percolation","display_name":"Percolation (cognitive psychology)","score":0.5685716271400452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-network","display_name":"Complex network","score":0.4936448335647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penetration","display_name":"Penetration (warfare)","score":0.4866198003292084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.46649548411369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.4544726312160492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3428933620452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.277893990278244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.19831255078315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13450220227241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1292288899421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.11481371521949768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101142422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17101727","display_name":"Interdependent networks","level":3,"score":0.9324045181274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119323957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048226","display_name":"Cascading failure","level":4,"score":0.8294468522071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6839268207550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.6532480716705322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.596176028251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780457167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156484","display_name":"Percolation (cognitive psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5685716271400452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.4936448335647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80107235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162625","display_name":"Penetration (warfare)","level":2,"score":0.4866198003292084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.46649548411369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4544726312160492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3428933620452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.277893990278244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.19831255078315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13450220227241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1292288899421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.11481371521949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/3578736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3578736","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/3578736.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d5482ba896474edaacd1102f369d2b39","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d5482ba896474edaacd1102f369d2b39","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2020 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hindawi.com:10.1155/2020/3578736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3578736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400340","display_name":"Hindawi Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126990","host_organization_name":"Hindawi (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Research Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/3578736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3578736","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/3578736.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5039419302","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3018858241.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3018858241.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516818859","https://openalex.org/W1525404729","https://openalex.org/W1618470073","https://openalex.org/W1744401963","https://openalex.org/W1967510236","https://openalex.org/W1968164782","https://openalex.org/W1976417947","https://openalex.org/W1977181113","https://openalex.org/W1979184778","https://openalex.org/W1985129160","https://openalex.org/W1992325228","https://openalex.org/W1997722690","https://openalex.org/W2004358946","https://openalex.org/W2025475826","https://openalex.org/W2029598733","https://openalex.org/W2030490025","https://openalex.org/W2034714338","https://openalex.org/W2035673570","https://openalex.org/W2038985700","https://openalex.org/W2040932880","https://openalex.org/W2044881936","https://openalex.org/W2050401089","https://openalex.org/W2050781832","https://openalex.org/W2070207525","https://openalex.org/W2070301037","https://openalex.org/W2080893471","https://openalex.org/W2088370452","https://openalex.org/W2106569518","https://openalex.org/W2113188272","https://openalex.org/W2121722576","https://openalex.org/W2128019982","https://openalex.org/W2149527103","https://openalex.org/W2157480076","https://openalex.org/W2158296645","https://openalex.org/W2293165031","https://openalex.org/W2318415165","https://openalex.org/W2327924761","https://openalex.org/W2354380180","https://openalex.org/W2536996354","https://openalex.org/W2583660889","https://openalex.org/W2587515860","https://openalex.org/W2587897984","https://openalex.org/W2782419145","https://openalex.org/W2793390856","https://openalex.org/W2888988444","https://openalex.org/W2921961325","https://openalex.org/W2946297356","https://openalex.org/W2963483907","https://openalex.org/W2981473943","https://openalex.org/W3037826211","https://openalex.org/W3099378832","https://openalex.org/W3102295892","https://openalex.org/W3102850849","https://openalex.org/W3103832685","https://openalex.org/W3104244961","https://openalex.org/W3105334346","https://openalex.org/W3105454108"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076616403","https://openalex.org/W1966811395","https://openalex.org/W3194863767","https://openalex.org/W2326620087","https://openalex.org/W2308728076","https://openalex.org/W2797576442","https://openalex.org/W2372184322","https://openalex.org/W2141132096","https://openalex.org/W2044566076","https://openalex.org/W2075683121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-world":[0],"complex":[1],"systems":[2,11,285],"always":[3,46],"interact":[4],"with":[5,79,130,214,244],"each":[6,220],"other,":[7],"which":[8,45,71,253],"causes":[9],"these":[10],"to":[12,182],"collapse":[13,259,281],"in":[14,20,91,110,157,202,219,246,282],"an":[15,203],"avalanche":[16,124,142],"or":[17,26,242],"cascading":[18,155],"manner":[19],"the":[21,39,49,64,80,101,107,120,123,141,145,160,164,172,177,185,187,193,196,207,215,224,227,233,237,247,265,276],"case":[22],"of":[23,31,44,51,82,87,104,122,126,144,159,163,174,189,209,217,226,236,279],"random":[24],"failures":[25,178,212],"malicious":[27],"attacks.":[28],"The":[29],"robustness":[30],"multilayer":[32,52,113,128,283],"networks":[33,53,129],"has":[34],"attracted":[35],"great":[36],"interest,":[37],"where":[38,184],"modeling":[40],"and":[41,54,59,168,294],"theoretical":[42],"studies":[43],"rely":[47],"on":[48,291],"concept":[50],"percolation":[55,234],"methods.":[56],"A":[57],"straightforward":[58],"tacit":[60],"assumption":[61],"is":[62,69,195],"that":[63,73,140,199,232,255],"interdependence":[65],"across":[66,106,134,250,268],"network":[67,93,108,135,221,251,269],"layers":[68,94,109],"strong,":[70],"means":[72,254],"a":[74,111,256],"node":[75],"will":[76,200],"fail":[77],"entirely":[78],"removal":[81,216],"all":[83],"links":[84],"if":[85],"one":[86],"its":[88],"interdependent":[89],"nodes":[90,191],"other":[92],"fails.":[95],"However,":[96],"this":[97,116],"oversimplification":[98],"cannot":[99],"describe":[100],"general":[102,127],"form":[103],"interactions":[105],"real-world":[112],"system.":[114],"In":[115,171,206],"paper,":[117],"we":[118,138,230],"reveal":[119],"nature":[121],"disintegration":[125],"arbitrary":[131],"interdependency":[132,204,248,266],"strength":[133,249,267],"layers.":[136,270],"Specifically,":[137],"identify":[139],"process":[143,173,208],"whole":[146],"system":[147,238],"can":[148,239,260],"essentially":[149],"be":[150,240,261],"decomposed":[151],"into":[152],"two":[153,228],"microscopic":[154,277],"dynamics":[156],"terms":[158],"propagation":[161],"direction":[162],"failures:":[165],"depth":[166,175],"penetration":[167],"scope":[169,210],"extension.":[170],"penetration,":[176],"propagate":[179,213],"from":[180],"layer":[181],"layer,":[183],"greater":[186,194],"number":[188],"failed":[190],"is,":[192],"destructive":[197],"power":[198],"emerge":[201],"group.":[205],"extension,":[211],"connections":[218],"layer.":[222],"Under":[223],"synergy":[225],"processes,":[229],"find":[231],"transition":[235],"discontinuous":[241],"continuous":[243],"changes":[245],"layers,":[252],"sudden":[257],"system-wide":[258],"avoided":[262],"by":[263],"controlling":[264],"Our":[271],"work":[272],"not":[273],"only":[274],"reveals":[275],"mechanism":[278],"global":[280],"infrastructure":[284],"but":[286],"also":[287],"provides":[288],"stimulating":[289],"ideas":[290],"intervention":[292],"programs":[293],"approaches":[295],"for":[296],"cascade":[297],"failures.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}