{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3044816418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3461651","title":"Analysis and Evaluation of Braille to Text Conversion Methods","display_name":"Analysis and Evaluation of Braille to Text Conversion Methods","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3044816418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3461651","mag":"3044816418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/3461651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3461651","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/misy/2020/3461651.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152111507","display_name":"Mobile Information Systems","issn_l":"1574-017X","issn":["1574-017X","1875-905X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mobile Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/misy/2020/3461651.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015798966","display_name":"Sana Shokat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146840658","display_name":"University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/015566d55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Shokat","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016894055","display_name":"Rabia Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7154-0926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146840658","display_name":"University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/015566d55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabia Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000580164","display_name":"Sanam Shahla Rizvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-3250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104778","display_name":"Education Labour Relations Council","ror":"https://ror.org/01606az08","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104778"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanam Shahla Rizvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raptor Interactive (Pty) Ltd., Eco Boulevard, Witch Hazel Ave, Centurion 0157, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raptor Interactive (Pty) Ltd., Eco Boulevard, Witch Hazel Ave, Centurion 0157, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Khalil Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146840658","display_name":"University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/015566d55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalil Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061196282","display_name":"Farina Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9223-7117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farina Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066893651","display_name":"Se Jin Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6295-7014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Se Jin Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25806, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6295-7014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25806, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066893651"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":1.4844,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81461508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/braille","display_name":"Braille","score":0.9358147382736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.8939005136489868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8423819541931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visually-impaired","display_name":"Visually impaired","score":0.7047226428985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6190827488899231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5258151292800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screen-reader","display_name":"Screen reader","score":0.4452475607395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.42860424518585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.392543762922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10871326923370361}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778802812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79894","display_name":"Braille","level":2,"score":0.9358147382736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.8939005136489868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8423819541931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020106864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visually impaired","level":2,"score":0.7047226428985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6190827488899231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5258151292800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778535757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328864","display_name":"Screen reader","level":3,"score":0.4452475607395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.42860424518585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.392543762922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10871326923370361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/3461651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3461651","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/misy/2020/3461651.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152111507","display_name":"Mobile Information Systems","issn_l":"1574-017X","issn":["1574-017X","1875-905X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mobile Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.usq.edu.au:39447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400692","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","host_organization_name":"University of Southern Queensland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article (Commonwealth Reporting Category C)"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b551d5edb3db4bad8cf651b49b6f882d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b551d5edb3db4bad8cf651b49b6f882d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mobile Information Systems, Vol 2020 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/3461651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3461651","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/misy/2020/3461651.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152111507","display_name":"Mobile Information Systems","issn_l":"1574-017X","issn":["1574-017X","1875-905X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mobile Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8995255853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2017R1D1A3B04031440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3044816418.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3044816418.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3968202","https://openalex.org/W1617349329","https://openalex.org/W2056058732","https://openalex.org/W2116084883","https://openalex.org/W2121126767","https://openalex.org/W2626622020","https://openalex.org/W2757216779","https://openalex.org/W2904818691","https://openalex.org/W2993411784","https://openalex.org/W3121577401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3094678123","https://openalex.org/W2576175645","https://openalex.org/W2787678320","https://openalex.org/W2966414698","https://openalex.org/W2040431336","https://openalex.org/W2096881743","https://openalex.org/W2064952551","https://openalex.org/W4390551695","https://openalex.org/W2790189928","https://openalex.org/W3179916384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Technology":[0],"is":[1,19,191,200],"advancing":[2],"rapidly":[3],"in":[4,33,83,179,228],"present":[5],"times.":[6],"To":[7,41],"serve":[8],"as":[9,45,110],"a":[10,60,86,101,185,201,220],"useful":[11],"and":[12,23,91,115,125,149,151,154,175],"connected":[13],"part":[14],"of":[15,37,63,119,139,169,187,194],"the":[16,70,135,140,167,180,183,208,212],"community,":[17],"everyone":[18],"required":[20],"to":[21,75,99,130,145],"learn":[22],"update":[24],"themselves":[25],"on":[26,88,134,211,217],"innovations.":[27],"Visually":[28],"impaired":[29,72,107,128,214],"people":[30,44],"fall":[31],"behind":[32],"this":[34,195,218,229],"regard":[35],"because":[36],"their":[38,55,89],"inherent":[39],"limitations.":[40],"involve":[42],"these":[43,120,170,189],"active":[46],"participants":[47],"within":[48],"communities,":[49],"technology":[50],"must":[51],"be":[52],"modified":[53],"for":[54,69,73,105,165,204,225],"facilitation.":[56],"This":[57],"paper":[58],"provides":[59],"comprehensive":[61],"survey":[62],"various":[64],"user":[65],"input":[66,103,124],"schemes":[67,121,141],"designed":[68,224],"visually":[71,106,127,213],"Braille":[74,111,113],"natural":[76],"language":[77],"conversion.":[78],"These":[79],"techniques":[80,171,190],"are":[81,172],"analyzed":[82],"detail":[84],"with":[85],"focus":[87],"accessibility":[90],"usability.":[92,160],"Currently,":[93],"considerable":[94],"effort":[95],"has":[96,222],"been":[97,223],"made":[98],"design":[100],"touch-screen":[102],"mechanism":[104],"people,":[108],"such":[109],"Touch,":[112],"Enter,":[114],"Edge":[116],"Braille.":[117],"All":[118],"use":[122],"location-specific":[123],"challenge":[126],"persons":[129],"locate":[131],"specified":[132],"places":[133],"touch":[136],"screen.":[137],"Most":[138],"require":[142],"special":[143,155],"actions":[144],"switch":[146],"between":[147,152],"upper":[148],"lowercase":[150],"numbers":[153],"characters,":[156],"which":[157],"affects":[158],"system":[159],"The":[161],"key":[162],"features":[163],"used":[164],"accessing":[166],"performance":[168],"efficiency,":[173],"accuracy,":[174],"usability":[176],"issues":[177],"found":[178],"applications.":[181],"In":[182],"end,":[184],"comparison":[186],"all":[188],"performed.":[192],"Outcomes":[193],"analysis":[196],"show":[197],"that":[198,206],"there":[199],"strong":[202],"need":[203],"application":[205],"put":[207],"least":[209],"burden":[210],"users.":[215],"Based":[216],"survey,":[219],"guideline":[221],"future":[226],"research":[227],"area.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
