{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3049207292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2727681","title":"Computational Simulation and Modeling of Freak Waves Based on Longuet-Higgins Model and Its Electromagnetic Scattering Calculation","display_name":"Computational Simulation and Modeling of Freak Waves Based on Longuet-Higgins Model and Its Electromagnetic Scattering Calculation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3049207292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2727681","mag":"3049207292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/2727681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2727681","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/2727681.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/2727681.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063404670","display_name":"Gengkun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-3431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gengkun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-3431","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077529049","display_name":"Chuanxi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-1313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanxi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Tai\u2019an 271000, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Tai\u2019an 271000, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103936528","display_name":"Yongquan Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongquan Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063404670"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"fwci":0.5997,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6435408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rogue-wave","display_name":"Rogue wave","score":0.9576349258422852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freak","display_name":"FREAK","score":0.8076075315475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5840668082237244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-wave","display_name":"Wind wave","score":0.5499644875526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-spectrum","display_name":"Electromagnetic spectrum","score":0.47751301527023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.447922945022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.44358041882514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4367215037345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.4295373260974884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-model","display_name":"Scale model","score":0.41020911931991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3635762929916382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.33276891708374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.26272547245025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.21303927898406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.21160751581192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1253763735294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11144989728927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.08518639206886292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.06598350405693054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189201455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110360","display_name":"Rogue wave","level":3,"score":0.9576349258422852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776717989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19410276","display_name":"FREAK","level":2,"score":0.8076075315475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5840668082237244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.5499644875526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155761240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133139","display_name":"Electromagnetic spectrum","level":2,"score":0.47751301527023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.447922945022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.44358041882514954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4367215037345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.4295373260974884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152588345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6498959","display_name":"Scale model","level":2,"score":0.41020911931991577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3635762929916382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.33276891708374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26272547245025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21303927898406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.21160751581192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1253763735294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11144989728927612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.08518639206886292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.06598350405693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/2727681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2727681","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/2727681.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:complx:2727681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/8503/2020/2727681.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7049587b454945f58c70478b2f868dce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7049587b454945f58c70478b2f868dce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2020 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2020/2727681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2727681","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2020/2727681.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1009083390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019RKB01058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1299322993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019RKB01058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322522","funder_display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3000742398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2018BD029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3050720223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2018BD029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3458577460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91746104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322522","funder_display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3577002882","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91746104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4104544943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017RCJJ046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4531401134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017RCJJ046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5559477794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0804406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5625730669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017RCJJ046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","funder_display_name":"Shandong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5912237229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0804406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6152252219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91746104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6500157317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019RKB01058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7022128896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0804406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7762291804","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017RCJJ046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322522","funder_display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8139362345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2018BD029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322522","funder_display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G93539691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0804406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322522","funder_display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322522","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335577","display_name":"Major Research Plan","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3049207292.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3049207292.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986126787","https://openalex.org/W2044334144","https://openalex.org/W2066758575","https://openalex.org/W2096853382","https://openalex.org/W2100807107","https://openalex.org/W2153851610","https://openalex.org/W2158062376","https://openalex.org/W2357982849","https://openalex.org/W2385572703","https://openalex.org/W2396486706","https://openalex.org/W2490060683","https://openalex.org/W2776364911","https://openalex.org/W2883518326","https://openalex.org/W2884421382","https://openalex.org/W2891960133","https://openalex.org/W2898525241","https://openalex.org/W2908920730","https://openalex.org/W2914235443","https://openalex.org/W2914513156","https://openalex.org/W2928253772","https://openalex.org/W2949268387","https://openalex.org/W2950925152","https://openalex.org/W2963312178","https://openalex.org/W2963418726","https://openalex.org/W2972889022","https://openalex.org/W2982698161","https://openalex.org/W3014875775","https://openalex.org/W3117671995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2556640784","https://openalex.org/W2390088274","https://openalex.org/W2341818843","https://openalex.org/W4388318213","https://openalex.org/W2351045750","https://openalex.org/W2353101814","https://openalex.org/W2366121293","https://openalex.org/W2043797283","https://openalex.org/W2076505957","https://openalex.org/W195828726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,55],"order":[1],"to":[2,192],"solve":[3],"the":[4,9,25,29,45,59,64,73,85,88,96,100,109,113,119,124,128,133,140,147,162,165,183,199],"weak":[5],"nonlinear":[6,13],"problem":[7],"in":[8,35,68],"simulation":[10],"of":[11,32,70,75,87,99,112,132,146,164],"strong":[12],"freak":[14,46,65,90,135,148,166,200],"waves,":[15],"an":[16],"improved":[17],"phase":[18],"modulation":[19],"method":[20,42,122],"is":[21,82,137,155,168,187],"proposed":[22],"based":[23,117],"on":[24,118],"Longuet-Higgins":[26],"model":[27,131],"and":[28,51,63,78,123,139,150],"comparative":[30],"experiments":[31],"wave":[33,61,66,103,114],"spectrum":[34,62],"this":[36,41],"paper.":[37],"Experiments":[38],"show":[39,160],"that":[40,84,161,181],"can":[43,92,178,196],"simulate":[44],"waves":[47,91,136,149,167,201],"at":[48],"fixed":[49,52],"time":[50],"space":[53],"coordinates.":[54],"addition,":[56],"by":[57],"comparing":[58],"target":[60,101],"measured":[67],"Tokai":[69],"Japan":[71],"from":[72],"perspective":[74],"B-F":[76],"instability":[77],"spectral":[79,97],"peakedness,":[80],"it":[81],"proved":[83],"waveform":[86],"simulated":[89,134],"not":[93],"only":[94],"maintain":[95],"structure":[98],"ocean":[102],"spectrum,":[104],"but":[105],"also":[106],"accord":[107],"with":[108],"statistical":[110],"characteristics":[111],"sequences.":[115],"Then,":[116],"Kirchhoff":[120],"approximation":[121],"modified":[125],"Two-Scale":[126],"Method,":[127],"electromagnetic":[129],"scattering":[130],"established,":[138],"normalized":[141],"radar":[142],"cross":[143],"section":[144],"(NRCS)":[145],"their":[151,172],"background":[152,174],"sea":[153,175],"surfaces":[154],"analyzed.":[156],"The":[157],"calculation":[158],"results":[159],"NRCS":[163,185],"usually":[169],"smaller":[170],"than":[171,189],"large-scale":[173],"surfaces.":[176],"It":[177],"be":[179],"concluded":[180],"when":[182],"neighborhood":[184],"difference":[186],"less":[188],"or":[190],"equal":[191],"\u221212":[193],"dB,":[194],"we":[195],"determine":[197],"where":[198],"are.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
