{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2907775212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6470359","title":"Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges","display_name":"Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2907775212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6470359","mag":"2907775212"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2019/6470359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6470359","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2019/6470359.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S235346","display_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1530-8669","issn":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2019/6470359.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031755653","display_name":"Khalid Mahmood Awan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0239-3528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Mahmood Awan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet Communication & Networks (ICNet) Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Communication & Networks (ICNet) Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051727565","display_name":"Peer Azmat Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7591-1704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peer Azmat Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet Communication & Networks (ICNet) Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7591-1704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Communication & Networks (ICNet) Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077101503","display_name":"Khalid Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8877-7612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pattern Recognition, Images and Data Engineering (PRIDE) Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pattern Recognition, Images and Data Engineering (PRIDE) Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000750713","display_name":"Saira Gillani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-6328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saira Gillani","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of computing and informatics Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of computing and informatics Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719446","display_name":"Waqas Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7162-1531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waqas Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet Communication & Networks (ICNet) Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Communication & Networks (ICNet) Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yunyoung Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3082-6607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunyoung Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3082-6607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2300},"fwci":39.3709,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":329,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99976332,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8065072894096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.6840725541114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6467280387878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.6062382459640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.548446536064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.502846896648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.4985811710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4937079846858978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4862348139286041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.45476630330085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43116429448127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution-in-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","score":0.42920178174972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.42364710569381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.3159952163696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.0782967209815979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8065072894096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.6840725541114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6467280387878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.6062382459640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.548446536064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.502846896648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.4985811710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4937079846858978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4862348139286041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.45476630330085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43116429448127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.42920178174972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.42364710569381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3159952163696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0782967209815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2019/6470359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6470359","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2019/6470359.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S235346","display_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1530-8669","issn":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0e991ac8ddba4468aef3c0a3c0b2f277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0e991ac8ddba4468aef3c0a3c0b2f277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol 2019 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2019/6470359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6470359","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/wcmc/2019/6470359.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S235346","display_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1530-8669","issn":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4288817180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2018-2014-1-00720","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7198075268","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2018-2014-1-00720","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321301","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2907775212.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2907775212.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58949250","https://openalex.org/W1906577849","https://openalex.org/W1976987228","https://openalex.org/W1999798566","https://openalex.org/W2001049771","https://openalex.org/W2007431016","https://openalex.org/W2011969218","https://openalex.org/W2018004814","https://openalex.org/W2018038311","https://openalex.org/W2025384632","https://openalex.org/W2029368383","https://openalex.org/W2043795597","https://openalex.org/W2045249444","https://openalex.org/W2047171369","https://openalex.org/W2062022579","https://openalex.org/W2091453252","https://openalex.org/W2091581981","https://openalex.org/W2097494685","https://openalex.org/W2129879516","https://openalex.org/W2130509337","https://openalex.org/W2140921653","https://openalex.org/W2146756896","https://openalex.org/W2149472588","https://openalex.org/W2156598119","https://openalex.org/W2157379615","https://openalex.org/W2161080764","https://openalex.org/W2170388813","https://openalex.org/W2171273926","https://openalex.org/W2172046421","https://openalex.org/W2265765294","https://openalex.org/W2308002575","https://openalex.org/W2417732169","https://openalex.org/W2472488112","https://openalex.org/W2606853459","https://openalex.org/W4254346742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081304190","https://openalex.org/W2477841276","https://openalex.org/W1989468614","https://openalex.org/W46613192","https://openalex.org/W4225540233","https://openalex.org/W2556643280","https://openalex.org/W2185568765","https://openalex.org/W2353494610","https://openalex.org/W4285703999","https://openalex.org/W3214188517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"Wireless":[1],"Sensor":[2],"Networks":[3],"(UWSNs)":[4],"contain":[5],"several":[6],"components":[7],"such":[8],"as":[9],"vehicles":[10],"and":[11,25,37,44,60,77,114,128,132],"sensors":[12],"that":[13],"are":[14,31,83],"deployed":[15],"in":[16,143],"a":[17,98],"specific":[18],"acoustic":[19],"area":[20],"to":[21,73,89,134],"perform":[22],"collaborative":[23],"monitoring":[24],"data":[26],"collection":[27],"tasks.":[28],"These":[29],"networks":[30],"used":[32],"interactively":[33],"between":[34],"different":[35,71],"nodes":[36],"ground-based":[38],"stations.":[39],"Presently,":[40],"UWSNs":[41],"face":[42],"issues":[43,76],"challenges":[45],"regarding":[46,102],"limited":[47],"bandwidth,":[48],"high":[49],"propagation":[50],"delay,":[51],"3D":[52],"topology,":[53],"media":[54,109],"access":[55,110],"control,":[56,111],"routing,":[57],"resource":[58],"utilization,":[59],"power":[61],"constraints.":[62],"In":[63,95],"the":[64],"last":[65],"few":[66],"decades,":[67],"research":[68,87,139],"community":[69],"provided":[70],"methodologies":[72,127],"overcome":[74],"these":[75],"challenges;":[78],"however,":[79],"some":[80],"of":[81,92,100,116,138],"them":[82],"still":[84],"open":[85],"for":[86,140],"due":[88],"variable":[90],"characteristics":[91],"underwater":[93,103,144],"environment.":[94],"this":[96],"paper,":[97],"survey":[99],"UWSN":[101],"communication":[104,120],"channel,":[105],"environmental":[106],"factors,":[107],"localization,":[108],"routing":[112],"protocols,":[113],"effect":[115],"packet":[117],"size":[118],"on":[119],"is":[121],"conducted.":[122],"We":[123],"compared":[124],"presently":[125],"available":[126],"discussed":[129],"their":[130],"pros":[131],"cons":[133],"highlight":[135],"new":[136],"directions":[137],"further":[141],"improvement":[142],"sensor":[145],"networks.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
