{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2916452242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6357171","title":"Cobb Angle Measurement of Spine from X-Ray Images Using Convolutional Neural Network","display_name":"Cobb Angle Measurement of Spine from X-Ray Images Using Convolutional Neural Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2916452242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6357171","mag":"2916452242","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30996731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2019/6357171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6357171","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2019/6357171.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2019/6357171.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008703009","display_name":"Ming\u2010Huwi Horng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6333-2457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309796872","display_name":"National Pingtung University","ror":"https://ror.org/03z698x91","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309796872"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Huwi Horng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6333-2457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309796872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012473345","display_name":"Chan\u2010Pang Kuok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-1386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Pang Kuok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-1386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101640187","display_name":"Min-Jun Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8270-5922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min-Jun Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8270-5922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Informatics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108262102","display_name":"Chii-Jen Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158999","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04zx3rq17","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158999"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chii-Jen Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5241-2141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158999"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101831891","display_name":"Yung\u2010Nien Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-8512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yung-Nien Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-8512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101831891"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"fwci":8.4271,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":305,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98604477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11030","display_name":"Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.726182758808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6662798523902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebra","display_name":"Vertebra","score":0.5908282995223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scoliosis","display_name":"Scoliosis","score":0.5610914826393127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.5310806632041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5157395005226135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47929519414901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobb-angle","display_name":"Cobb angle","score":0.45417118072509766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4227043092250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39894944429397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.35345458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3229929506778717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3059645891189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.25442540645599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.22882813215255737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1582859754562378}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.726182758808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6662798523902893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180323","display_name":"Vertebra","level":2,"score":0.5908282995223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780955175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174857","display_name":"Scoliosis","level":2,"score":0.5610914826393127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.5310806632041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5157395005226135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47929519414901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778871979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104591","display_name":"Cobb angle","level":3,"score":0.45417118072509766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4227043092250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39894944429397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.35345458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3229929506778717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3059645891189575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.25442540645599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22882813215255737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1582859754562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008432","descriptor_name":"Mathematical Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008432","descriptor_name":"Mathematical Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008432","descriptor_name":"Mathematical Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011857","descriptor_name":"Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2019/6357171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6357171","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2019/6357171.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30996731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30996731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and mathematical methods in medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6399566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6399566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Comput Math Methods Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:623cdf5578fd4ddc8401c47102f800d7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/623cdf5578fd4ddc8401c47102f800d7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, Vol 2019 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2019/6357171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6357171","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2019/6357171.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G708528433","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-107-2622-8-006-015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7180152111","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-107-2634-F-006-005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7194130169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-105-2314-E-006-008-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2916452242.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2916452242.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136913329","https://openalex.org/W1987869189","https://openalex.org/W2005094117","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2050366158","https://openalex.org/W2065300995","https://openalex.org/W2123402141","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161037052","https://openalex.org/W2236297715","https://openalex.org/W2533441491","https://openalex.org/W2559789156","https://openalex.org/W2566561901","https://openalex.org/W2597869936","https://openalex.org/W2761801613","https://openalex.org/W2800705832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2465193852","https://openalex.org/W4388025427","https://openalex.org/W4294974937","https://openalex.org/W4401552834","https://openalex.org/W4328026508","https://openalex.org/W2968509133","https://openalex.org/W3175427170","https://openalex.org/W2055231866","https://openalex.org/W2126178566","https://openalex.org/W4213330631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scoliosis":[0],"is":[1,45,53,153,192,262],"a":[2,21,188,253,357],"common":[3],"spinal":[4,117,167],"condition":[5],"where":[6],"the":[7,11,16,26,35,42,49,54,62,66,71,75,113,122,131,145,150,160,163,165,171,183,197,200,206,215,221,231,233,241,244,248,259,266,271,275,283,297,303,316,320,344],"spine":[8,83,110,151,172,216,256,260,278,281,339],"curves":[9],"to":[10,24,61,121,143,195,204,239,288,302,353],"side":[12],"and":[13,70,88,97,134,138,170,179,187,236,258,280,327,363],"thus":[14],"deforms":[15],"spine.":[17],"Curvature":[18],"estimation":[19,38],"provides":[20],"powerful":[22],"index":[23],"evaluate":[25],"deformation":[27],"severity":[28,362],"of":[29,65,74,82,124,147,149,162,182,185,199,208,212,247,296,323,338,360],"scoliosis.":[30],"In":[31,100,202,270],"current":[32],"clinical":[33,351,365],"diagnosis,":[34],"standard":[36],"curvature":[37,43,84,111,261,340],"method":[39],"for":[40,108,156,277,356,364],"assessing":[41],"quantitatively":[44],"done":[46],"by":[47,176,291],"measuring":[48,109],"Cobb":[50,267],"angle,":[51],"which":[52,152,229],"angle":[55,268],"between":[56],"two":[57,305,324],"lines,":[58],"drawn":[59],"perpendicular":[60],"upper":[63],"endplate":[64,73],"uppermost":[67],"vertebra":[68,77],"involved":[69],"lower":[72],"lowest":[76],"involved.":[78],"However,":[79],"manual":[80,289,321],"measurement":[81],"requires":[85],"considerable":[86],"time":[87],"effort,":[89],"along":[90],"with":[91],"associated":[92],"problems":[93],"such":[94],"as":[95],"interobserver":[96],"intraobserver":[98],"variations.":[99],"this":[101],"article,":[102],"we":[103,128,219,273],"propose":[104],"an":[105],"automatic":[106],"system":[107,346],"using":[112,177],"anterior-posterior":[114],"(AP)":[115],"view":[116,126],"X-ray":[118],"images.":[119],"Due":[120],"characteristic":[123],"AP":[125,217],"images,":[127],"first":[129],"reduced":[130],"image":[132],"size":[133],"then":[135,154,193,286],"used":[136],"horizontal":[137],"vertical":[139],"intensity":[140,178,210],"projection":[141],"histograms":[142],"define":[144],"region":[146,184],"interest":[148],"cropped":[155],"sequential":[157],"processing.":[158],"Next,":[159],"boundaries":[161],"spine,":[164],"central":[166],"curve":[168],"line,":[169],"foreground":[173],"are":[174,250],"detected":[175],"gradient":[180],"information":[181],"interest,":[186],"progressive":[189],"thresholding":[190],"approach":[191],"employed":[194],"detect":[196],"locations":[198],"vertebrae.":[201,242],"order":[203],"reduce":[205],"influences":[207],"inconsistent":[209],"distribution":[211],"vertebrae":[213,249],"in":[214,336,350],"image,":[218,257],"applied":[220,349],"deep":[222],"learning":[223],"convolutional":[224,306],"neural":[225,307],"network":[226],"(CNN)":[227],"approaches":[228],"include":[230],"U-Net,":[232,235,238],"Dense":[234],"Residual":[237,298],"segment":[240],"Finally,":[243],"segmentation":[245,279,294],"results":[246,276,284,295],"reconstructed":[251],"into":[252],"complete":[254],"segmented":[255],"calculated":[263],"based":[264],"on":[265],"criterion.":[269],"experiments,":[272],"showed":[274],"curvature;":[282],"were":[285,300,332],"compared":[287],"measurements":[290,318],"specialists.":[292],"The":[293,309],"U-Net":[299],"superior":[301],"other":[304],"networks.":[308],"one-way":[310],"ANOVA":[311],"test":[312],"also":[313],"demonstrated":[314],"that":[315],"three":[317],"including":[319],"records":[322],"different":[325,335],"physicians":[326],"our":[328],"proposed":[329,345],"measured":[330],"record":[331],"not":[333],"significantly":[334],"terms":[337],"measurement.":[341],"Looking":[342],"forward,":[343],"can":[347],"be":[348],"diagnosis":[352],"assist":[354],"doctors":[355],"better":[358],"understanding":[359],"scoliosis":[361],"treatments.":[366]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-01T08:31:24.195828","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
