{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2911532338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2674684","title":"A Feature Extraction Method of Hybrid Gram for Malicious Behavior Based on Machine Learning","display_name":"A Feature Extraction Method of Hybrid Gram for Malicious Behavior Based on Machine Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2911532338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2674684","mag":"2911532338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2019/2674684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2674684","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2019/2674684.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2019/2674684.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025047756","display_name":"Yuntao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2627-8276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116036724","display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m20nr07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuntao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2627-8276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082003013","display_name":"Bo Bo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116036724","display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m20nr07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Bo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072132077","display_name":"Yongxin Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8632-7834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116036724","display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m20nr07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongxin Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8632-7834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104160629","display_name":"Chunyu Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116036724","display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m20nr07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ChunYu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101715460","display_name":"Bo Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-5555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116036724","display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m20nr07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072132077"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":2.6176,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90461249,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8776352405548096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7546968460083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.7408089637756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5130366086959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4457043409347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.43707719445228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosive-material","display_name":"Explosive material","score":0.42738527059555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4142477512359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40941932797431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40415510535240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35972321033477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18128260970115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.09106701612472534}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8776352405548096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7546968460083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.7408089637756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5130366086959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4457043409347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.43707719445228577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154238967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12870","display_name":"Explosive material","level":2,"score":0.42738527059555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4142477512359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40941932797431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40415510535240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35972321033477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18128260970115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.09106701612472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2019/2674684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2674684","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2019/2674684.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ff40dd0201b4545b37041e880f93d6a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ff40dd0201b4545b37041e880f93d6a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks, Vol 2019 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2019/2674684","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2674684","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2019/2674684.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1739366692","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LG201611","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313852","funder_display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G243540895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18-013-0-32","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4046420276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20180551066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313852","funder_display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5005420184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20180551066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6040467364","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016M590234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313852","funder_display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6428038757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LG201611","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8209105228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18-013-0-32","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313852","funder_display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8527381132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016M590234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313852","display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m20nr07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2911532338.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2911532338.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026361699","https://openalex.org/W2152442131","https://openalex.org/W2331423833","https://openalex.org/W2617489117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2287334727","https://openalex.org/W1488588773","https://openalex.org/W2048510477","https://openalex.org/W2600150541","https://openalex.org/W4399187797","https://openalex.org/W2347510524","https://openalex.org/W2328795663","https://openalex.org/W2392989627","https://openalex.org/W2762476777","https://openalex.org/W1980222719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"explosive":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,22,46,53,60,70,73,102],"malware,":[4,47],"Internet":[5],"users":[6],"face":[7],"enormous":[8],"threats":[9],"from":[10],"Cyberspace,":[11],"known":[12],"as":[13,25,107],"\u201cfifth":[14],"dimensional":[15],"space.\u201d":[16],"Meanwhile,":[17],"the":[18,38,42,82,94,103],"continuous":[19,61],"sophisticated":[20],"metamorphism":[21],"malware":[23],"such":[24,106],"polymorphism":[26],"and":[27,89,112],"obfuscation":[28],"makes":[29],"it":[30],"more":[31,91],"difficult":[32],"to":[33],"detect":[34],"malicious":[35,87],"behavior.":[36],"In":[37],"paper,":[39],"based":[40],"on":[41],"dynamic":[43],"feature":[44,50],"analysis":[45],"a":[48,71],"novel":[49],"extraction":[51],"method":[52,84],"hybrid":[54],"gram":[55],"(H-gram)":[56],"with":[57],"cross":[58],"entropy":[59],"overlapping":[62],"subsequences":[63],"is":[64,90],"proposed,":[65],"which":[66],"implements":[67],"semantic":[68],"segmentation":[69],"sequence":[72],"API":[74],"calls":[75],"or":[76],"instructions.":[77],"The":[78],"experimental":[79],"results":[80],"show":[81],"H-gram":[83],"can":[85],"distinguish":[86],"behaviors":[88],"effective":[92],"than":[93],"fixed-length":[95],"n-gram":[96],"in":[97],"all":[98],"four":[99],"performance":[100],"indexes":[101],"classification":[104],"algorithms":[105],"ID3,":[108],"Random":[109],"Forest,":[110],"AdboostM1,":[111],"Bagging.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}