{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2902280393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7984653","title":"License Plate Detection with Shallow and Deep CNNs in Complex Environments","display_name":"License Plate Detection with Shallow and Deep CNNs in Complex Environments","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2902280393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7984653","mag":"2902280393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2018/7984653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7984653","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2018/7984653.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2018/7984653.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040635483","display_name":"Li Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6724-8620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055983388","display_name":"Meng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5242-8699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5242-8699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044483716","display_name":"Zhengzhong Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengzhong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103237302","display_name":"Maoyong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4135-1512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maoyong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043514827","display_name":"Huarong Jia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huarong Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076449752","display_name":"Mingtao Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4949-7997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingtao Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4949-7997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055983388"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2550},"fwci":0.8219,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.790131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2018","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.917080819606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.8056802749633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8050981760025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.757360577583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7273988723754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5584022402763367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.49768808484077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43885448575019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-blur","display_name":"Motion blur","score":0.4234098494052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4126931130886078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.19667232036590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13240176439285278}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.917080819606781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.8056802749633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8050981760025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.757360577583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7273988723754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5584022402763367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.49768808484077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43885448575019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777708103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852589","display_name":"Motion blur","level":3,"score":0.4234098494052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4126931130886078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.19667232036590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13240176439285278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2018/7984653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7984653","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2018/7984653.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:complx:7984653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/8503/2018/7984653.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca624647fdcf4c28a8f6c0d8c8cd7723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca624647fdcf4c28a8f6c0d8c8cd7723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complexity, Vol 2018 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2018/7984653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7984653","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/complexity/2018/7984653.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207319443","display_name":"Complexity","issn_l":"1076-2787","issn":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4268870150","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61471225","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2902280393.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2902280393.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2108463990","https://openalex.org/W2120636275","https://openalex.org/W2125653371","https://openalex.org/W2156323526","https://openalex.org/W2604593829","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2754133402","https://openalex.org/W2754536314","https://openalex.org/W2778092082","https://openalex.org/W2783152060","https://openalex.org/W2790693807","https://openalex.org/W2962872526","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W4294391685"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606446052","https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4312856422","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"License":[0],"plate":[1,60,99,138],"detection":[2,121],"is":[3,28,75,94,134],"a":[4,65,69],"challenging":[5],"problem":[6,43],"due":[7],"to":[8,30,45,57,77,85,96,110,115,118],"the":[9,36,42,82,87,91,101,120,131],"large":[10],"visual":[11],"variations":[12],"in":[13,100],"complex":[14],"environments,":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17],"motion":[18],"blur,":[19],"occlusion,":[20],"and":[21,68,90,112],"lighting":[22],"changes.":[23],"An":[24],"advanced":[25],"discriminative":[26],"model":[27],"needed":[29],"accurately":[31],"segment":[32],"license":[33,59,98,137],"plates":[34],"from":[35],"backgrounds.":[37],"However,":[38],"effective":[39],"models":[40],"for":[41,136],"tend":[44],"be":[46],"computationally":[47],"prohibitive.":[48],"To":[49],"address":[50],"these":[51],"two":[52,63,105],"conflicting":[53],"challenges,":[54],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"detect":[58,97],"based":[61],"on":[62],"CNNs,":[64],"shallow":[66,73],"CNN":[67,74,93],"deep":[70,92],"CNN.":[71],"The":[72],"used":[76,95],"quickly":[78],"remove":[79],"most":[80],"of":[81],"background":[83],"regions":[84],"reduce":[86],"computation":[88,125],"cost,":[89],"remaining":[102],"regions.":[103],"These":[104],"CNNs":[106],"are":[107,113],"trained":[108],"end":[109,111],"complementary":[114],"each":[116],"other":[117],"guarantee":[119],"precision":[122],"with":[123],"low":[124],"cost.":[126],"Experimental":[127],"results":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130],"proposed":[132],"method":[133],"promising":[135],"detection.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
