{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2785662445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6160125","title":"An Alternative Method for Understanding User-Chosen Passwords","display_name":"An Alternative Method for Understanding User-Chosen Passwords","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2785662445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6160125","mag":"2785662445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2018/6160125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6160125","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2018/6160125.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2018/6160125.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081049912","display_name":"Zhixiong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3348-0253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073639015","display_name":"Haibo Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6677-463X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100337452","display_name":"Zijian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8125-2311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101489216","display_name":"Yiming Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0823-3135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 102600, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 102600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338689","display_name":"Ping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8854-2079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (PKU), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China","National Engineering Research Center for Software Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 102600, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (PKU), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Software Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 102600, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100338689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":2.0558,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89933189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2018","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12553","display_name":"Psychedelics and Drug Studies","score":0.9401000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9352999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.9078254699707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.783359169960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.5469026565551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.4927044212818146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42702147364616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.3946230411529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.33304762840270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17339426279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-time-password","display_name":"One-time password","score":0.13481050729751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10361611843109131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.9078254699707031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.783359169960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.5469026565551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4927044212818146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42702147364616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.3946230411529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.33304762840270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17339426279067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.13481050729751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10361611843109131}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2018/6160125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6160125","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2018/6160125.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1bf1dc4cc692405c83d78593dd1d1154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1bf1dc4cc692405c83d78593dd1d1154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks, Vol 2018 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hindawi.com:10.1155/2018/6160125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6160125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400340","display_name":"Hindawi Journal of Chemistry (Hindawi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210126990","host_organization_name":"Hindawi (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Research Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2018/6160125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6160125","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2018/6160125.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2305496856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B12007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2978532049","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0800603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5848258319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0 and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5940588203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1200700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6819595738","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2785662445.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2785662445.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1979777715","https://openalex.org/W1986982871","https://openalex.org/W2025448348","https://openalex.org/W2037202491","https://openalex.org/W2100783932","https://openalex.org/W2149929743","https://openalex.org/W2157298821","https://openalex.org/W2218132318","https://openalex.org/W2339509466","https://openalex.org/W2734150319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W137322897","https://openalex.org/W2054626033","https://openalex.org/W1982158666","https://openalex.org/W3013108623","https://openalex.org/W2953105088","https://openalex.org/W3131491961","https://openalex.org/W3088784215","https://openalex.org/W2989690789","https://openalex.org/W2949495265","https://openalex.org/W3110679839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,132],"present":[1],"in":[2,124,143,171,191],"this":[3],"paper":[4],"an":[5,112],"alternative":[6],"method":[7],"for":[8,29,186,203,212],"understanding":[9],"user-chosen":[10,116],"passwords.":[11,117,205],"In":[12],"password":[13,70,108,120,181,192,207,217],"research,":[14],"much":[15],"attention":[16],"has":[17,183],"been":[18],"given":[19],"to":[20,62,105,110,127,162,197],"increasing":[21],"the":[22,37,44,92,97,160,199],"security":[23],"and":[24,50,81],"usability":[25],"of":[26,33,66,86,89,94,99,115,216],"individual":[27],"passwords":[28,54,67,90,142],"common":[30],"users.":[31],"Few":[32],"them":[34],"focus":[35],"on":[36,60,83],"relationships":[38,45],"between":[39,46],"passwords;":[40],"therefore":[41],"we":[42,57,73,102],"explore":[43],"passwords:":[47],"modification-based,":[48],"similarity-based,":[49],"probability-based.":[51],"By":[52],"regarding":[53],"as":[55,165],"vertices,":[56],"shed":[58],"light":[59],"how":[61],"transform":[63],"a":[64,69,84,144,166,172,213],"dataset":[65,145],"into":[68],"graph.":[71,95],"Subsequently,":[72],"introduce":[74],"some":[75,141],"novel":[76],"notions":[77],"from":[78,91],"graph":[79,109,182,193,208],"theory":[80],"report":[82],"number":[85],"inner":[87],"properties":[88],"perspective":[93],"With":[96],"assistance":[98],"Python":[100],"Graph-tool,":[101],"are":[103,122,146,170],"able":[104],"visualize":[106],"our":[107,125,129],"deliver":[111],"intuitive":[113],"grasp":[114],"Five":[118],"real-world":[119],"datasets":[121],"used":[123],"experiments":[126],"fulfill":[128],"thorough":[130],"experiments.":[131],"discover":[133],"that":[134],"<mml:math":[135,152,175],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[136,153,176],"id=\"M1\"><mml:mo":[137],"stretchy=\"false\">(</mml:mo><mml:mn":[138,155,178],"fontstyle=\"italic\">1</mml:mn><mml:mo":[139],"stretchy=\"false\">)</mml:mo></mml:math>":[140,157,180],"tightly":[147],"connected":[148],"with":[149],"each":[150],"other;":[151],"id=\"M2\"><mml:mo":[154],"fontstyle=\"italic\">2</mml:mn><mml:mo":[156],"they":[158,169],"have":[159],"tendency":[161],"gather":[163],"together":[164],"cluster":[167],"like":[168],"social":[173],"network;":[174],"id=\"M3\"><mml:mo":[177],"fontstyle=\"italic\">3</mml:mn><mml:mo":[179],"logarithmic":[184],"distribution":[185],"its":[187],"degrees.":[188],"Top":[189],"clusters":[190],"could":[194],"be":[195,210],"exploited":[196],"obtain":[198],"effective":[200],"mangling":[201],"rules":[202],"cracking":[204],"Also,":[206],"can":[209],"utilized":[211],"new":[214],"kind":[215],"strength":[218],"meter.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
