{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2581753076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7367518","title":"Two-Phase Image Encryption Scheme Based on FFCT and Fractals","display_name":"Two-Phase Image Encryption Scheme Based on FFCT and Fractals","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2581753076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7367518","mag":"2581753076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2017/7367518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7367518","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2017/7367518.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2017/7367518.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004533658","display_name":"Mervat Mikhail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2713-3033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mervat Mikhail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria 21544, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090783556","display_name":"Yasmine Abouelseoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8888-7309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasmine Abouelseoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria 21544, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010855236","display_name":"Galal Elkobrosy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Galal ElKobrosy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria 21544, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004533658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":1.6628,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90483366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2017","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10588","display_name":"Mathematical Dynamics and Fractals","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2610","display_name":"Mathematical Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7571415901184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6925562620162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6690664887428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5986946821212769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.564389705657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5557498335838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5363346934318542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.5274044871330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4898178279399872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystream","display_name":"Keystream","score":0.4780855178833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cipher","display_name":"Cipher","score":0.4181591868400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4175226390361786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal","display_name":"Fractal","score":0.41341841220855713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptanalysis","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","score":0.33473023772239685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2523730993270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24258357286453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09717267751693726}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7571415901184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6925562620162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6690664887428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5986946821212769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.564389705657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5557498335838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5363346934318542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.5274044871330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4898178279399872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776132008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509893","display_name":"Keystream","level":4,"score":0.4780855178833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.4181591868400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4175226390361786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.41341841220855713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181149355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897511","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","level":3,"score":0.33473023772239685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2523730993270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24258357286453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09717267751693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2017/7367518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7367518","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2017/7367518.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2cd83880f8c24d5a917c96a6620d8925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2cd83880f8c24d5a917c96a6620d8925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks, Vol 2017 (2017)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2017/7367518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7367518","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2017/7367518.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120683614","display_name":"Security and Communication Networks","issn_l":"1939-0114","issn":["1939-0114","1939-0122"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Security and Communication Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2581753076.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2581753076.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1826319868","https://openalex.org/W1973782209","https://openalex.org/W1979142829","https://openalex.org/W2016539869","https://openalex.org/W2019720311","https://openalex.org/W2036288269","https://openalex.org/W2092245645","https://openalex.org/W2099334438","https://openalex.org/W2106713830","https://openalex.org/W2127766487","https://openalex.org/W2203263906","https://openalex.org/W3100489129","https://openalex.org/W4240151289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967729419","https://openalex.org/W4321328138","https://openalex.org/W2088091507","https://openalex.org/W374805828","https://openalex.org/W2113232764","https://openalex.org/W1604791554","https://openalex.org/W1587583117","https://openalex.org/W2904575688","https://openalex.org/W2055305835","https://openalex.org/W4292061453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"blends":[2],"the":[3,23,38,114,151,168,179],"ideas":[4],"from":[5],"recent":[6],"researches":[7],"into":[8],"a":[9,44,74,80,108],"simple,":[10],"yet":[11],"efficient":[12],"image":[13,39,42],"encryption":[14],"scheme":[15,153,170],"for":[16],"colored":[17],"images.":[18],"It":[19],"is":[20,34,117],"based":[21],"on":[22],"finite":[24],"field":[25],"cosine":[26],"transform":[27],"(FFCT)":[28],"and":[29,61,138,171],"symmetric-key":[30],"cryptography.":[31],"The":[32,47,89,111,161],"FFCT":[33,48],"used":[35,72],"to":[36,67,78,83,97,106,131,183,187],"scramble":[37],"yielding":[40],"an":[41],"with":[43,55,173],"uniform":[45],"histogram.":[46],"has":[49,158],"been":[50,146,159],"chosen":[51],"as":[52,73,129],"it":[53],"works":[54],"integers":[56],"modulo":[57],"<mml:math":[58],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[59],"id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>":[60],"hence":[62],"avoids":[63],"numerical":[64],"inaccuracies":[65],"inherent":[66],"other":[68,174],"transforms.":[69],"Fractals":[70],"are":[71,92],"source":[75],"of":[76,100,113,150,167],"randomness":[77],"generate":[79],"one-time-pad":[81],"keystream":[82],"be":[84],"employed":[85],"in":[86,94,104,142,176],"enciphering":[87],"step.":[88],"fractal":[90],"images":[91],"scanned":[93],"zigzag":[95],"manner":[96],"ensure":[98],"decorrelation":[99],"adjacent":[101],"pixels":[102],"values":[103],"order":[105],"guarantee":[107],"strong":[109],"key.":[110],"performance":[112],"proposed":[115,152,169],"algorithm":[116,180],"evaluated":[118],"using":[119],"standard":[120],"statistical":[121],"analysis":[122,126],"techniques.":[123],"Moreover,":[124],"sensitivity":[125],"techniques":[127],"such":[128],"resistance":[130],"differential":[132],"attacks":[133,157],"measures,":[134],"mean":[135],"square":[136],"error,":[137],"one":[139],"bit":[140],"change":[141],"system":[143],"key":[144],"have":[145],"investigated.":[147],"Furthermore,":[148],"security":[149],"against":[154],"classical":[155],"cryptographic":[156],"analyzed.":[160],"obtained":[162],"results":[163],"show":[164],"great":[165],"potential":[166],"competitiveness":[172],"schemes":[175],"literature.":[177],"Additionally,":[178],"lends":[181],"itself":[182],"parallel":[184],"processing":[185],"adding":[186],"its":[188],"computational":[189],"efficiency.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}