{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2419531601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2048302","title":"On Internet Traffic Classification: A Two-Phased Machine Learning Approach","display_name":"On Internet Traffic Classification: A Two-Phased Machine Learning Approach","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2419531601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2048302","mag":"2419531601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2016/2048302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2048302","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jcnc/2016/2048302.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764435486","display_name":"Journal of Computer Networks and Communications","issn_l":"2090-7141","issn":["2090-7141","2090-715X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Networks and Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jcnc/2016/2048302.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079692899","display_name":"Taimur Bakhshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4750-7864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taimur Bakhshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Security, Communications and Network Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Security, Communications and Network Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044709278","display_name":"Bogdan Ghita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-547X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Ghita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Security, Communications and Network Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Security, Communications and Network Research, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079692899"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1400},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1400},"fwci":10.2834,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98165256,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2016","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7815815806388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netflow","display_name":"NetFlow","score":0.6839513778686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6817720532417297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6590628027915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5850046277046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.49694374203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.49517622590065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4699552059173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4468819797039032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.4298427700996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.412930965423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4125001132488251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7815815806388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188067584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219363","display_name":"NetFlow","level":2,"score":0.6839513778686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6817720532417297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6590628027915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5850046277046204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.49694374203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.49517622590065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4699552059173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4468819797039032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4298427700996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.412930965423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4125001132488251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2016/2048302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2048302","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jcnc/2016/2048302.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764435486","display_name":"Journal of Computer Networks and Communications","issn_l":"2090-7141","issn":["2090-7141","2090-715X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Networks and Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pearl.plymouth.ac.uk:10026.1/9762","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9762","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9762","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402507","display_name":"PEARL (University of Plymouth)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","host_organization_name":"University of Plymouth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:01a2eddff4a244e497e83e03ddfe6de3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/01a2eddff4a244e497e83e03ddfe6de3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, Vol 2016 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pearl.plymouth.ac.uk:10026.1/5424","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402507","display_name":"PEARL (University of Plymouth)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","host_organization_name":"University of Plymouth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2016/2048302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2048302","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jcnc/2016/2048302.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764435486","display_name":"Journal of Computer Networks and Communications","issn_l":"2090-7141","issn":["2090-7141","2090-715X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Networks and Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2419531601.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2419531601.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169057124","https://openalex.org/W1504694836","https://openalex.org/W1524496078","https://openalex.org/W1543537233","https://openalex.org/W1575956686","https://openalex.org/W1599069793","https://openalex.org/W1803485664","https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1892770864","https://openalex.org/W1912123407","https://openalex.org/W1965857701","https://openalex.org/W1968988171","https://openalex.org/W1972797382","https://openalex.org/W1978977724","https://openalex.org/W1983096721","https://openalex.org/W1985258161","https://openalex.org/W1994853484","https://openalex.org/W2004106853","https://openalex.org/W2005562282","https://openalex.org/W2011628134","https://openalex.org/W2015908518","https://openalex.org/W2018506753","https://openalex.org/W2024046085","https://openalex.org/W2027355980","https://openalex.org/W2027664152","https://openalex.org/W2036891640","https://openalex.org/W2037789405","https://openalex.org/W2049867480","https://openalex.org/W2053013484","https://openalex.org/W2055261595","https://openalex.org/W2061442141","https://openalex.org/W2063432924","https://openalex.org/W2067680836","https://openalex.org/W2073089243","https://openalex.org/W2096474000","https://openalex.org/W2096674597","https://openalex.org/W2102351657","https://openalex.org/W2115328185","https://openalex.org/W2119895316","https://openalex.org/W2120955848","https://openalex.org/W2121973001","https://openalex.org/W2122226347","https://openalex.org/W2127218421","https://openalex.org/W2129018774","https://openalex.org/W2129191249","https://openalex.org/W2130598205","https://openalex.org/W2133473417","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2135324748","https://openalex.org/W2137831706","https://openalex.org/W2138449377","https://openalex.org/W2144098589","https://openalex.org/W2145310314","https://openalex.org/W2146050333","https://openalex.org/W2146860726","https://openalex.org/W2147021670","https://openalex.org/W2148913232","https://openalex.org/W2149600645","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2153804780","https://openalex.org/W2157349061","https://openalex.org/W2159573992","https://openalex.org/W2161251616","https://openalex.org/W2164641162","https://openalex.org/W2166952377","https://openalex.org/W2534007765","https://openalex.org/W2594589100","https://openalex.org/W3003807236","https://openalex.org/W3125984961","https://openalex.org/W3201444869","https://openalex.org/W4238530616","https://openalex.org/W4292169167"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073883415","https://openalex.org/W2889302474","https://openalex.org/W3108206494","https://openalex.org/W2739726746","https://openalex.org/W4242380336","https://openalex.org/W4366990902","https://openalex.org/W4317732970","https://openalex.org/W4388550696","https://openalex.org/W4321636153","https://openalex.org/W2141272333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"classification":[1,23,50],"utilizing":[2],"flow":[3,58,87,107,114],"measurement":[4],"enables":[5],"operators":[6],"to":[7,41,71,104,119,145,187,191],"perform":[8],"essential":[9],"network":[10],"management.":[11],"Flow":[12],"accounting":[13],"methods":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16,54],"NetFlow":[17,53],"are,":[18],"however,":[19],"considered":[20],"inadequate":[21],"for":[22,156],"requiring":[24],"additional":[25],"packet-level":[26],"information,":[27],"host":[28],"behaviour":[29],"analysis,":[30],"and":[31,67,97,121,166,172],"specialized":[32],"hardware":[33],"limiting":[34],"their":[35],"practical":[36],"adoption.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"aims":[40],"overcome":[42],"these":[43],"challenges":[44],"by":[45],"proposing":[46],"two-phased":[47],"machine":[48,182],"learning":[49,183],"mechanism":[51],"with":[52,147,180],"input.":[55],"The":[56,112,129,150],"individual":[57],"classes":[59,108,115],"are":[60,68],"derived":[61,113],"per":[62,110],"application":[63],"through<mml:math":[64],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[65,101],"id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-means":[66],"further":[69],"used":[70,86,118],"train":[72,120],"a":[73,123],"C5.0":[74,125],"decision":[75,127],"tree":[76],"classifier.":[77],"As":[78],"part":[79],"of":[80,89,136,174],"validation,":[81],"the":[82,169,175],"initial":[83],"unsupervised":[84],"phase":[85],"records":[88],"fifteen":[90],"popular":[91],"Internet":[92],"applications":[93,193],"that":[94],"were":[95,116],"collected":[96],"independently":[98],"subjected":[99],"to<mml:math":[100],"id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-means":[102],"clustering":[103],"determine":[105],"unique":[106],"generated":[109],"application.":[111],"afterwards":[117],"test":[122,142],"supervised":[124],"based":[126],"tree.":[128],"resulting":[130],"classifier":[131,151],"reported":[132],"an":[133],"average":[134],"accuracy":[135,173],"92.37%":[137],"on":[138],"approximately":[139],"3.4":[140],"million":[141],"cases":[143],"increasing":[144],"96.67%":[146],"adaptive":[148],"boosting.":[149],"specificity":[152],"factor":[153],"which":[154],"accounted":[155],"differentiating":[157],"content":[158],"specific":[159],"from":[160],"supplementary":[161],"flows":[162],"ranged":[163],"between":[164],"98.37%":[165],"99.57%.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"computational":[170],"performance":[171],"proposed":[176],"methodology":[177],"in":[178,194],"comparison":[179],"similar":[181],"techniques":[184],"lead":[185],"us":[186],"recommend":[188],"its":[189],"extension":[190],"other":[192],"achieving":[195],"highly":[196],"granular":[197],"real-time":[198],"traffic":[199],"classification.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
