{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2278234102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1719230","title":"Laser-Based Obstacle Detection at Railway Level Crossings","display_name":"Laser-Based Obstacle Detection at Railway Level Crossings","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2278234102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1719230","mag":"2278234102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2016/1719230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1719230","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2016/1719230.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2016/1719230.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012425177","display_name":"V. S. Amaral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3359-7133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110026055","display_name":"Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/014837179","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V\u00edtor Amaral","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISCTE-Instituto Universitario de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISCTE-Instituto Universitario de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007989965","display_name":"Francisco Marques","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0409-6380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83558840","display_name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/02xankh89","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Marques","raw_affiliation_strings":["CTS-UNINOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CTS-UNINOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101789896","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-5320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83558840","display_name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/02xankh89","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 Louren\u00e7o","raw_affiliation_strings":["CTS-UNINOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CTS-UNINOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071443910","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Barata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-1847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83558840","display_name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/02xankh89","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Barata","raw_affiliation_strings":["CTS-UNINOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CTS-UNINOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079603685","display_name":"Pedro Santana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4357-1546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110026055","display_name":"Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/014837179","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Santana","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISCTE-Instituto Universitario de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISCTE-Instituto Universitario de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110026055"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT), 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079603685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110026055","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":0.8153,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72859843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2016","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.8285765051841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7740693092346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.7165082693099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6098212003707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.564510703086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5567938089370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.543286144733429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5282560586929321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.5240930914878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/level-crossing","display_name":"Level crossing","score":0.4549642503261566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.38533130288124084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37428244948387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2807207405567169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19872698187828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15482360124588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13311415910720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12135982513427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08423319458961487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.8285765051841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7740693092346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.7165082693099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6098212003707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.564510703086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5567938089370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.543286144733429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5282560586929321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5240930914878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1975866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171448","display_name":"Level crossing","level":2,"score":0.4549642503261566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.38533130288124084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37428244948387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2807207405567169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19872698187828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15482360124588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13311415910720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12135982513427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08423319458961487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2016/1719230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1719230","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2016/1719230.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:557d86bd83c248a8aa1195f2d8f1768d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/557d86bd83c248a8aa1195f2d8f1768d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol 2016 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.iscte-iul.pt:10071/12320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10071/12320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055197","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3rio do ISCTE-IUL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2016/1719230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1719230","pdf_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2016/1719230.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2278234102.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2278234102.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W563840836","https://openalex.org/W1595064263","https://openalex.org/W1986795873","https://openalex.org/W2001965067","https://openalex.org/W2013106071","https://openalex.org/W2032120324","https://openalex.org/W2072723786","https://openalex.org/W2074658631","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2100443973","https://openalex.org/W2110806266","https://openalex.org/W2136568475","https://openalex.org/W2152864241","https://openalex.org/W2160146756","https://openalex.org/W2167724667","https://openalex.org/W2901136733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W4323518558","https://openalex.org/W2001220299","https://openalex.org/W2286704396","https://openalex.org/W3196715007","https://openalex.org/W2366440988","https://openalex.org/W2358582870","https://openalex.org/W4293059742","https://openalex.org/W4324133428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,46,83,91,147],"system":[4,52,81,118,142],"for":[5,113],"obstacle":[6],"detection":[7,35,65],"in":[8,25,154],"railway":[9,26,128],"level":[10,27,88,125,158],"crossings":[11,28],"from":[12,90],"3D":[13],"point":[14,61,94,151],"clouds":[15,152],"acquired":[16,153],"with":[17,31,105,129],"tilting":[18,47],"2D":[19],"laser":[20,48,133],"scanners.":[21],"Although":[22],"large":[23],"obstacles":[24,38,98],"are":[29,99],"detectable":[30],"current":[32],"solutions,":[33],"the":[34,50,64,73,80,87,106,111,117,121,124,132,138,141],"of":[36,66,86,93,123,140,149],"small":[37,67],"remains":[39],"an":[40,76,155],"open":[41],"problem.":[42],"By":[43],"relying":[44],"on":[45,146],"scanner,":[49],"proposed":[51],"is":[53],"able":[54],"to":[55,131,143],"acquire":[56],"highly":[57],"dense":[58],"and":[59,127],"accurate":[60],"clouds,":[62],"enabling":[63],"obstacles,":[68],"like":[69],"rocks":[70],"laying":[71],"near":[72],"rail.":[74],"During":[75],"offline":[77],"training":[78],"phase,":[79],"learns":[82],"background":[84,107],"model":[85],"crossing":[89,126],"set":[92,148],"clouds.":[95],"Then,":[96],"online,":[97],"detected":[100],"as":[101],"occupied":[102],"space":[103],"contrasting":[104],"model.":[108],"To":[109],"reduce":[110],"need":[112],"manual":[114],"on-site":[115],"calibration,":[116],"automatically":[119],"estimates":[120],"pose":[122],"respect":[130],"scanner.":[134],"Experimental":[135],"results":[136],"show":[137],"ability":[139],"successfully":[144],"perform":[145],"41":[150],"operational":[156],"one-lane":[157],"crossing.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}