{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010974651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/675368","title":"Discrimination Analysis for Predicting Defect-Prone Software Modules","display_name":"Discrimination Analysis for Predicting Defect-Prone Software Modules","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010974651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/675368","mag":"2010974651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/675368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/675368","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2014/675368.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190082376","display_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","issn_l":"1110-757X","issn":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2014/675368.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023196768","display_name":"Ying Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-8679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070150374","display_name":"Ke Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6174-3877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011118010","display_name":"Shunzhi Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75867142","display_name":"Xiamen University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01285e189","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shunzhi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9715-4281","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011118010"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75867142"],"apc_list":{"value":1050,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1050},"apc_paid":{"value":1050,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1050},"fwci":1.1112,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86030857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7273436188697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6528050899505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6082059741020203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5810774564743042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5701548457145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.5273167490959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5102150440216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.48569878935813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4765739440917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4546639323234558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38936400413513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3731333613395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35065457224845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3288547992706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.181637704372406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.06751391291618347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7273436188697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6528050899505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6082059741020203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5810774564743042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5701548457145691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5273167490959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5102150440216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.48569878935813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4765739440917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4546639323234558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38936400413513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3731333613395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35065457224845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3288547992706299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.181637704372406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.06751391291618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/675368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/675368","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2014/675368.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190082376","display_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","issn_l":"1110-757X","issn":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CULeuclid:euclid.jam/1425305557","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.jam/1425305557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400787","display_name":"Project Euclid (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:jnljam:675368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/JAM/2014/675368.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2d7d26defaa9407fb28dcfc89b8c3852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2d7d26defaa9407fb28dcfc89b8c3852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol 2014 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/675368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/675368","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2014/675368.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190082376","display_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","issn_l":"1110-757X","issn":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5799048046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61070151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G690171860","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3502Z20123037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G931874182","display_name":"\u878d\u5408\u5927\u89c4\u6a21BSN\u7684\u793e\u533a\u53d1\u73b0\u53ca\u9690\u79c1\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u952e\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61373147","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2010974651.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2010974651.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101693742","https://openalex.org/W129585166","https://openalex.org/W1510073064","https://openalex.org/W1514479321","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1768730780","https://openalex.org/W1967194563","https://openalex.org/W1987868073","https://openalex.org/W1991707291","https://openalex.org/W1993746606","https://openalex.org/W2001599472","https://openalex.org/W2009141244","https://openalex.org/W2021688474","https://openalex.org/W2060188270","https://openalex.org/W2083352779","https://openalex.org/W2083612784","https://openalex.org/W2104882279","https://openalex.org/W2119016061","https://openalex.org/W2120999344","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2123127356","https://openalex.org/W2129476886","https://openalex.org/W2130883460","https://openalex.org/W2130898128","https://openalex.org/W2133575467","https://openalex.org/W2133711389","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2135366128","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2150796457","https://openalex.org/W2153216417","https://openalex.org/W2154706222","https://openalex.org/W2160958420","https://openalex.org/W2162698522","https://openalex.org/W2345506238","https://openalex.org/W2490800645","https://openalex.org/W2966207845","https://openalex.org/W3141989311","https://openalex.org/W4252684946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W1994625207","https://openalex.org/W1584385814"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"defect":[1],"prediction":[2,112,165],"studies":[3,149],"usually":[4],"build":[5,109],"models":[6],"without":[7],"analyzing":[8],"the":[9,13,18,44,48,53,58,72,79,85,117,135],"data":[10,26,59,86,118,151,159],"used":[11,61],"in":[12,62,129],"procedure.":[14],"As":[15],"a":[16,37,88],"result,":[17],"same":[19],"approach":[20],"has":[21],"different":[22,25,121],"performances":[23],"on":[24,52,102,116,150],"sets.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29,63],"paper,":[30],"we":[31,55,75,97],"introduce":[32],"discrimination":[33,104,143],"analysis":[34,105,144],"for":[35,161],"providing":[36],"good":[38],"method":[39,81,145],"to":[40,77,82,108],"give":[41],"insight":[42],"into":[43,87],"inherent":[45],"property":[46],"of":[47],"software":[49],"data.":[50],"Based":[51],"analysis,":[54],"find":[56],"that":[57,124,141],"sets":[60,119],"field":[64],"have":[65],"nonlinearly":[66,83],"separable":[67],"and":[68],"class-imbalanced":[69],"problems.":[70],"Unlike":[71],"prior":[73],"works,":[74],"try":[76],"exploit":[78],"kernel":[80,103],"map":[84],"high-dimensional":[89],"feature":[90],"space.":[91],"By":[92],"combating":[93],"these":[94],"two":[95],"problems,":[96],"propose":[98],"an":[99],"algorithm":[100],"based":[101],"called":[106],"KDC":[107,125],"more":[110,127,148,163],"effective":[111],"model.":[113],"Experimental":[114],"results":[115],"from":[120,158],"organizations":[122],"indicate":[123],"is":[126],"accurate":[128,164],"terms":[130],"of<mml:math":[131],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[132],"id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-measure":[133],"than":[134],"state-of-the-art":[136],"methods.":[137],"We":[138],"are":[139],"optimistic":[140],"our":[142],"can":[146],"guide":[147],"structure,":[152],"which":[153],"may":[154],"derive":[155],"useful":[156],"knowledge":[157],"science":[160],"building":[162],"models.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
