{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068107280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/389764","title":"A Self-Oscillating System to Measure the Conductivity and the Permittivity of Liquids within a Single Triangular Signal","display_name":"A Self-Oscillating System to Measure the Conductivity and the Permittivity of Liquids within a Single Triangular Signal","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068107280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/389764","mag":"2068107280"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/389764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/389764","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2014/389764.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2014/389764.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048257130","display_name":"Sylvain Druart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-4088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvain Druart","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTEAM Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTEAM Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064026729","display_name":"Denis Flandre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5298-5196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Flandre","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTEAM Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTEAM Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028890718","display_name":"Laurent A. Francis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4683-3916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laurent A. Francis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTEAM Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTEAM Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Place du Levant 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028890718"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":0.9174,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74719101,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11449","display_name":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.6174716353416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permittivity","display_name":"Permittivity","score":0.5734397768974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5671290755271912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.5559134483337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conductivity","display_name":"Conductivity","score":0.5244638919830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5016534328460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensing","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","score":0.47797057032585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.4721904993057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeatability","display_name":"Repeatability","score":0.4572368264198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4558001160621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedthrough","display_name":"Feedthrough","score":0.4395497739315033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.43016302585601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.42637011408805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.42035117745399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/square-wave","display_name":"Square wave","score":0.41711196303367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.37623876333236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.34131789207458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.31467562913894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23422271013259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.21817409992218018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2054535448551178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.1427367925643921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6174716353416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.5734397768974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5671290755271912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.5559134483337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131540310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907564","display_name":"Conductivity","level":2,"score":0.5244638919830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5016534328460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.47797057032585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.4721904993057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154020017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520171","display_name":"Repeatability","level":2,"score":0.4572368264198303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4558001160621643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441253","display_name":"Feedthrough","level":2,"score":0.4395497739315033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.43016302585601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.42637011408805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.42035117745399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96352100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136640","display_name":"Square wave","level":3,"score":0.41711196303367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.37623876333236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.34131789207458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.31467562913894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23422271013259888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21817409992218018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2054535448551178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1427367925643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/389764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/389764","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2014/389764.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:140330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/140330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401974","display_name":"DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors, Vol. 2014, no.389764, p. 11 (13/02/2014)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/389764","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/389764","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2014/389764.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96783963","display_name":"Journal of Sensors","issn_l":"1687-725X","issn":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2068107280.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2068107280.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967656196","https://openalex.org/W1983595364","https://openalex.org/W1998661837","https://openalex.org/W2036061431","https://openalex.org/W2057788800","https://openalex.org/W2060461396","https://openalex.org/W2079731392","https://openalex.org/W2085940271","https://openalex.org/W2133707082","https://openalex.org/W2145668365","https://openalex.org/W2156967305"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396523375","https://openalex.org/W1986839414","https://openalex.org/W2048871732","https://openalex.org/W2357288154","https://openalex.org/W4399446835","https://openalex.org/W4365794569","https://openalex.org/W2347456755","https://openalex.org/W2291633415","https://openalex.org/W4400063720","https://openalex.org/W4327617095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,158],"present":[1],"a":[2,5,30,42,55,74,79,97,126],"methodology":[3],"and":[4,11,34,51,70,83,95,114,134,154,160,177],"circuit":[6,168],"to":[7,37,40,88,105,150],"extract":[8],"liquid":[9],"resistance":[10],"capacitance":[12],"simultaneously":[13],"from":[14],"the":[15,27,38,49,62,107,136,139,146,152,155,162],"same":[16],"output":[17,44],"signal":[18,67],"using":[19],"interdigitated":[20],"sensing":[21,148],"electrodes.":[22],"The":[23,90,129],"principle":[24],"consists":[25,77],"in":[26,54,78],"generation":[28,68],"of":[29,100,111,138,164],"current":[31],"square":[32],"wave":[33],"its":[35],"application":[36],"sensor":[39],"create":[41],"triangular":[43],"voltage":[45],"which":[46,76],"contains":[47],"both":[48],"conductivity":[50,156],"permittivity":[52,153],"parameters":[53],"single":[56],"periodic":[57],"segment.":[58],"This":[59],"concept":[60],"extends":[61],"Triangular":[63],"Waveform":[64],"Voltage":[65],"(TWV)":[66],"technique":[69],"is":[71,93],"implemented":[72],"by":[73,120,125],"system":[75,91,127],"closed-loop":[80],"current-controlled":[81],"oscillator":[82],"only":[84,96],"requires":[85],"DC":[86],"power":[87],"operate.":[89],"interface":[92],"portable":[94],"small":[98],"number":[99],"electrical":[101],"components":[102],"are":[103,123],"used":[104],"generate":[106],"expected":[108],"signal.":[109],"Conductivities":[110],"saline":[112],"NaCl":[113],"KCl":[115],"solutions,":[116],"being":[117],"first":[118],"calibrated":[119],"commercial":[121],"equipment,":[122],"characterized":[124],"prototype.":[128],"results":[130],"show":[131],"excellent":[132],"linearity":[133],"prove":[135],"repeatability":[137],"measurements.":[140],"Experiments":[141],"on":[142],"water-glycerol":[143],"mixtures":[144],"validate":[145],"proposed":[147],"approach":[149],"measure":[151],"simultaneously.":[157],"discussed":[159],"identified":[161],"sources":[163],"measurement":[165],"errors":[166],"as":[167],"parasitic":[169],"capacitances,":[170],"switching":[171],"clock":[172],"feedthrough,":[173],"charge":[174],"injection,":[175],"bandwidth,":[176],"control-current":[178],"quality.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}