{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094831168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/230803","title":"An FPGA-Integrated Time-to-Digital Converter Based on a Ring Oscillator for Programmable Delay Line Resolution Measurement","display_name":"An FPGA-Integrated Time-to-Digital Converter Based on a Ring Oscillator for Programmable Delay Line Resolution Measurement","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094831168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/230803","mag":"2094831168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/230803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/230803","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jece/2014/230803.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174662166","display_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","issn_l":"2090-0147","issn":["2090-0147","2090-0155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jece/2014/230803.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100408346","display_name":"Chao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3084-2255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, North 4th Ring Road West, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, North 4th Ring Road West, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032968395","display_name":"Shengwei Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengwei Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, North 4th Ring Road West, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, North 4th Ring Road West, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082718736","display_name":"Zhenghuan Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-1568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenghuan Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, North 4th Ring Road West, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, North 4th Ring Road West, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031785556","display_name":"Guangyou Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7443-0850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyou Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, North 4th Ring Road West, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, North 4th Ring Road West, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102100413","display_name":"Hejun Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hejun Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences, 52 Sanlihe Road, Beijing 100864, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, 52 Sanlihe Road, Beijing 100864, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100408346"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1400},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1400},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13045104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","score":0.8160452842712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.7986034154891968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7588589191436768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delay-line-oscillator","display_name":"Delay line oscillator","score":0.6831398606300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microsecond","display_name":"Microsecond","score":0.5279242992401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.5045017004013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propagation-delay","display_name":"Propagation delay","score":0.4822450578212738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4492005705833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.44038981199264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3858884572982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3735724985599518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3473682403564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3395172655582428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31396180391311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.28522244095802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.2767338752746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.25217124819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2292366623878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.20087605714797974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99594498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434524","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","level":4,"score":0.8160452842712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.7986034154891968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7588589191436768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26907483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5253479","display_name":"Delay line oscillator","level":4,"score":0.6831398606300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34742353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842015","display_name":"Microsecond","level":2,"score":0.5279242992401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.5045017004013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90806461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144416","display_name":"Propagation delay","level":2,"score":0.4822450578212738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4492005705833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.44038981199264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3858884572982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3735724985599518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3473682403564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3395172655582428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31396180391311646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.28522244095802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.2767338752746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.25217124819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2292366623878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.20087605714797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/230803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/230803","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jece/2014/230803.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174662166","display_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","issn_l":"2090-0147","issn":["2090-0147","2090-0155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:278bdc24ec7143a0af7bf794fb602a98","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/278bdc24ec7143a0af7bf794fb602a98","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol 2014 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/230803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/230803","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jece/2014/230803.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174662166","display_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","issn_l":"2090-0147","issn":["2090-0147","2090-0155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335773","display_name":"National High-tech Research and Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2094831168.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555444955","https://openalex.org/W1851318021","https://openalex.org/W1977083070","https://openalex.org/W1979229036","https://openalex.org/W1984418134","https://openalex.org/W2010673008","https://openalex.org/W2037130044","https://openalex.org/W2107126496","https://openalex.org/W2117818712","https://openalex.org/W2134713152","https://openalex.org/W2147078733","https://openalex.org/W2546351773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589093285","https://openalex.org/W2109091204","https://openalex.org/W3176961938","https://openalex.org/W4230767006","https://openalex.org/W2147061220","https://openalex.org/W3158414702","https://openalex.org/W2094831168","https://openalex.org/W2796345361","https://openalex.org/W2120895593","https://openalex.org/W2061333458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"describe":[1],"the":[2,13,71,87,97,100,108,111,124],"architecture":[3],"of":[4,16,26,89,96,110,130],"a":[5,17,27,30,35,43,57,60],"time-to-digital":[6,81],"converter":[7],"(TDC),":[8],"specially":[9],"intended":[10],"to":[11,77,106],"measure":[12],"delay":[14,19],"resolution":[15,129],"programmable":[18,45],"line":[20],"(PDL).":[21],"The":[22,50,68,80,113],"configuration,":[23],"which":[24],"consists":[25],"ring":[28,51],"oscillator,":[29],"frequency":[31],"divider":[32],"(FD),":[33],"and":[34,59,123],"period":[36,73],"measurement":[37],"circuit":[38],"(PMC),":[39],"is":[40,83],"implemented":[41],"in":[42,54],"field":[44],"gate":[46],"array":[47],"(FPGA)":[48],"device.":[49],"oscillator":[52],"realized":[53],"loop":[55],"containing":[56],"PDL":[58],"look-up":[61],"table":[62],"(LUT)":[63],"generates":[64],"periodic":[65],"oscillatory":[66,72],"pulses.":[67],"FD":[69,98],"amplifies":[70],"from":[74],"nanosecond":[75],"range":[76],"microsecond":[78],"range.":[79],"conversion":[82],"based":[84],"on":[85],"counting":[86],"number":[88],"clock":[90],"cycles":[91],"between":[92],"two":[93],"consecutive":[94],"pulses":[95],"by":[99],"PMC.":[101],"Experiments":[102],"have":[103],"been":[104],"conducted":[105],"verify":[107],"performance":[109],"TDC.":[112],"achieved":[114],"relative":[115],"errors":[116],"for":[117],"four":[118],"PDLs":[119],"are":[120],"within":[121],"0.50%\u20131.21%":[122],"TDC":[125],"has":[126],"an":[127],"equivalent":[128],"about":[131],"0.4":[132],"ps.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-15T23:16:33.117629","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
