{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2110085068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/107156","title":"Urban and Indoor Weak Signal Tracking Using an Array Tracker with MVA and Nonlinear Filtering","display_name":"Urban and Indoor Weak Signal Tracking Using an Array Tracker with MVA and Nonlinear Filtering","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2110085068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/107156","mag":"2110085068"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/107156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/107156","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2014/107156.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190082376","display_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","issn_l":"1110-757X","issn":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2014/107156.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103069418","display_name":"Jicheng Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3330-5674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jicheng Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, harbin, 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3330-5674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, harbin, 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734888","display_name":"Guoli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2219-1683"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Unit 92941, PLA, Huludao 125000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Unit 92941, PLA, Huludao 125000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108694109","display_name":"Lin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7393-7906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, harbin, 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, harbin, 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103069418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"],"apc_list":{"value":1130,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1130},"apc_paid":{"value":1130,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1130},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10242972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7119377255439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6110683083534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5928940176963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5728508830070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.5105706453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viterbi-algorithm","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","score":0.4987013339996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-edge","display_name":"Signal edge","score":0.47695767879486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.46559083461761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4627438187599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4575270116329193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4535534977912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.4504122734069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4110238552093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3220306634902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3159742057323456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2738147974014282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.25903207063674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18159162998199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.13700547814369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.07811242341995239}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7119377255439758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6110683083534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5928940176963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5728508830070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.5105706453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60582962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4987013339996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117525741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775654","display_name":"Signal edge","level":4,"score":0.47695767879486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.46559083461761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4627438187599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4575270116329193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4535534977912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.4504122734069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4110238552093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3220306634902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3159742057323456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2738147974014282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.25903207063674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18159162998199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.13700547814369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.07811242341995239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13412647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174948","display_name":"Analog signal","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/107156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/107156","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2014/107156.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190082376","display_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","issn_l":"1110-757X","issn":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CULeuclid:euclid.jam/1425051925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.jam/1425051925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400787","display_name":"Project Euclid (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:hin:jnljam:107156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/JAM/2014/107156.xml","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:709d969055ef4696838ae9318170a325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/709d969055ef4696838ae9318170a325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol 2014 (2014)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2014/107156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/107156","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2014/107156.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190082376","display_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","issn_l":"1110-757X","issn":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2387501217","display_name":"\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u8d85\u7d27GPS/SINS\u7ec4\u5408\u67b6\u6784\u4e0b\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5b8c\u597d\u6027\u8bc4\u4f30\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61273081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3920905082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HEUCFX041403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4264495089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HEUCFR1114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4715113633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HEUCFX041403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4792534335","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HEUCFR1114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5875567836","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61273081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G689428636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61304234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7123410105","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61304234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2110085068.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2110085068.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486754293","https://openalex.org/W1540174287","https://openalex.org/W1705172257","https://openalex.org/W1945521803","https://openalex.org/W1994641974","https://openalex.org/W2004993739","https://openalex.org/W2076186907","https://openalex.org/W2091772845","https://openalex.org/W2121990344","https://openalex.org/W2123527091","https://openalex.org/W2126423185","https://openalex.org/W2129823951","https://openalex.org/W2150289085","https://openalex.org/W2182072940","https://openalex.org/W2283358568","https://openalex.org/W2288980723","https://openalex.org/W2620323993","https://openalex.org/W2734659178"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062804535","https://openalex.org/W2281825358","https://openalex.org/W2148710370","https://openalex.org/W2993094530","https://openalex.org/W2097654368","https://openalex.org/W1777183400","https://openalex.org/W4297302281","https://openalex.org/W1554908322","https://openalex.org/W1965681224","https://openalex.org/W2123826800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"focus":[1],"on":[2,15,39,66],"the":[3,21,88,103,120],"need":[4],"for":[5,77],"weak":[6,80],"GPS":[7,49,81],"signal":[8,121],"tracking":[9,22,63,78,104,111],"technique":[10],"at":[11],"a":[12],"receiver":[13],"powered":[14],"in":[16],"urban":[17],"or":[18,101],"indoor":[19],"environment;":[20],"loop":[23,105],"is":[24,31,42,46,106,113],"unlocked":[25],"and":[26,44,72],"data":[27],"bit":[28,50,54,93],"edge":[29,55,94],"position":[30,56,95],"unknown.":[32],"A":[33],"modified":[34],"Viterbi":[35],"algorithm":[36],"(MVA)":[37],"based":[38,65],"dynamic":[40],"programming":[41],"developed":[43],"it":[45],"applied":[47],"to":[48,52,116,124],"synchronization":[51],"improve":[53],"detection":[57,98],"probability.":[58],"Meanwhile,":[59],"two":[60],"combination":[61,110],"carrier":[62],"schemes":[64],"central":[67],"difference":[68],"Kalman":[69],"filter":[70],"(CDKF)":[71],"MVA":[73],"module":[74],"are":[75],"designed":[76],"very":[79],"signal.":[82],"The":[83,108],"testing":[84],"results":[85],"indicate":[86],"that":[87],"methods":[89],"can":[90],"successfully":[91],"detect":[92],"with":[96],"high":[97],"probability":[99],"whether":[100],"not":[102],"locked.":[107],"tested":[109],"scheme":[112],"still":[114],"able":[115],"work":[117],"well":[118],"when":[119],"quality":[122],"deteriorates":[123],"20":[125],"dB-Hz":[126],"without":[127],"additional":[128],"large":[129],"store":[130],"space.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
