{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996415235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/218084","title":"Text Entry by Gazing and Smiling","display_name":"Text Entry by Gazing and Smiling","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996415235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/218084","mag":"1996415235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2013/218084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/218084","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2013/218084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156498152","display_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1687-5893","issn":["1687-5893","1687-5907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2013/218084.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033706702","display_name":"Outi Tuisku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8262-4583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Outi Tuisku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Tampere Unit for Computer-Human Interaction (TAUCHI), School of Information Sciences, University of Tampere, Kanslerinrinne 1, 33014 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Tampere Unit for Computer-Human Interaction (TAUCHI), School of Information Sciences, University of Tampere, Kanslerinrinne 1, 33014 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007739229","display_name":"Veikko Surakka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-0713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veikko Surakka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Tampere Unit for Computer-Human Interaction (TAUCHI), School of Information Sciences, University of Tampere, Kanslerinrinne 1, 33014 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Tampere Unit for Computer-Human Interaction (TAUCHI), School of Information Sciences, University of Tampere, Kanslerinrinne 1, 33014 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043849100","display_name":"Ville Rantanen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-5261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ville Rantanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensor Technology and Biomeasurements, Department of Automation Science and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensor Technology and Biomeasurements, Department of Automation Science and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020611591","display_name":"Toni Vanhala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toni Vanhala","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICT for Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tekniikankatu 1, P.O. Box 1300, 33101 Tampere, Finland","Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Tampere Unit for Computer-Human Interaction (TAUCHI), School of Information Sciences, University of Tampere, Kanslerinrinne 1, 33014 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICT for Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tekniikankatu 1, P.O. Box 1300, 33101 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality, and Computing, Tampere Unit for Computer-Human Interaction (TAUCHI), School of Information Sciences, University of Tampere, Kanslerinrinne 1, 33014 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010105730","display_name":"Jukka Lekkala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9293-2240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jukka Lekkala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sensor Technology and Biomeasurements, Department of Automation Science and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sensor Technology and Biomeasurements, Department of Automation Science and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033706702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4210133110"],"apc_list":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"apc_paid":{"value":900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":900},"fwci":1.5797,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8311957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2013","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.626689076423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5576112270355225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.546909511089325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.4354105591773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.4106600284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3828016519546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32348716259002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17852118611335754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08509087562561035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.626689076423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5576112270355225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.546909511089325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.4354105591773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4106600284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3828016519546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32348716259002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17852118611335754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08509087562561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2013/218084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/218084","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2013/218084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156498152","display_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1687-5893","issn":["1687-5893","1687-5907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:050d404f9037438885a9d22d1617ec08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/050d404f9037438885a9d22d1617ec08","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, Vol 2013 (2013)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2013/218084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/218084","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ahci/2013/218084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156498152","display_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1687-5893","issn":["1687-5893","1687-5907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5144553525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"116913","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7921759458","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"115997","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1996415235.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1996415235.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102077510","https://openalex.org/W109915448","https://openalex.org/W183504279","https://openalex.org/W1276082511","https://openalex.org/W1492315901","https://openalex.org/W1521407593","https://openalex.org/W1563141555","https://openalex.org/W1581490813","https://openalex.org/W1793087945","https://openalex.org/W1849331954","https://openalex.org/W1850070871","https://openalex.org/W1966983808","https://openalex.org/W1978371613","https://openalex.org/W1979287277","https://openalex.org/W1979845503","https://openalex.org/W1988869884","https://openalex.org/W1990184244","https://openalex.org/W1996871628","https://openalex.org/W1999806644","https://openalex.org/W2008517591","https://openalex.org/W2011187025","https://openalex.org/W2020438140","https://openalex.org/W2023695862","https://openalex.org/W2031734938","https://openalex.org/W2031781307","https://openalex.org/W2041257003","https://openalex.org/W2045529929","https://openalex.org/W2048621919","https://openalex.org/W2053295841","https://openalex.org/W2055729185","https://openalex.org/W2076963239","https://openalex.org/W2077379736","https://openalex.org/W2087748337","https://openalex.org/W2091805034","https://openalex.org/W2093947740","https://openalex.org/W2098550303","https://openalex.org/W2102072828","https://openalex.org/W2103751734","https://openalex.org/W2107956149","https://openalex.org/W2110228188","https://openalex.org/W2110581150","https://openalex.org/W2125904902","https://openalex.org/W2146355519","https://openalex.org/W2161857028","https://openalex.org/W2165645720","https://openalex.org/W2167557160","https://openalex.org/W2168443748","https://openalex.org/W2171026965","https://openalex.org/W2179427518","https://openalex.org/W2246690291","https://openalex.org/W2471602308","https://openalex.org/W3125878135","https://openalex.org/W4239127880"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2544423928","https://openalex.org/W2052122378","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2294565841","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W2006668579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0,146,161,176],"Interface":[1,147,162],"is":[2],"a":[3,23,55,100],"wearable":[4],"prototype":[5,36,67],"that":[6,57,99,156],"combines":[7],"the":[8,32,35,66,84,106,112,115,120,131,134,173],"use":[9],"of":[10,34,83,114,133],"voluntary":[11],"gaze":[12,90],"direction":[13],"and":[14,19,48,91,108,124,169,185],"facial":[15],"activations,":[16],"for":[17,37,62,160,172],"pointing":[18,87],"selecting":[20],"objects":[21],"on":[22,105],"computer":[24],"screen,":[25],"respectively.":[26],"The":[27,72,153],"aim":[28,132],"was":[29,74,117,140,163,183,192],"to":[30,53,75,141,148],"investigate":[31],"functionality":[33],"entering":[38,143,149],"text.":[39],"First,":[40],"three":[41],"on-screen":[42],"keyboard":[43,116],"layout":[44,56,101],"designs":[45],"were":[46],"developed":[47],"tested":[49],"(<mml:math":[50,137],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[51,138],"id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:math>)":[52],"find":[54],"would":[58],"be":[59],"more":[60],"suitable":[61],"text":[63,144,150,157],"entry":[64,158],"with":[65,81,89,102,145,151,199],"than":[68],"traditional":[69],"QWERTY":[70],"layout.":[71],"task":[73],"enter":[76],"one":[77],"word":[78],"ten":[79],"times":[80],"each":[82],"layouts":[85],"by":[86,94],"letters":[88],"select":[92],"them":[93],"smiling.":[95],"Subjective":[96],"ratings":[97],"showed":[98,155],"large":[103],"keys":[104,110],"edge":[107],"small":[109],"near":[111],"center":[113],"rated":[118],"as":[119],"most":[121,125],"enjoyable,":[122],"clearest,":[123],"functional.":[126],"Second,":[127],"using":[128],"this":[129],"layout,":[130],"second":[135],"experiment":[136],"id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>12</mml:mn></mml:math>)":[139],"compare":[142,196],"mouse.":[152,174],"results":[154],"rate":[159,191],"20":[164],"characters":[165],"per":[166,179],"minute":[167],"(cpm)":[168],"27":[170],"cpm":[171],"For":[175],"Interface,":[177],"keystrokes":[178],"character":[180],"(KSPC)":[181],"value":[182],"1.1":[184],"minimum":[186],"string":[187],"distance":[188],"(MSD)":[189],"error":[190],"0.12.":[193],"These":[194],"values":[195],"especially":[197],"well":[198],"other":[200],"similar":[201],"techniques.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}