{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053397203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/986176","title":"Survival Data Analysis with Time-Dependent Covariates Using Generalized Additive Models","display_name":"Survival Data Analysis with Time-Dependent Covariates Using Generalized Additive Models","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053397203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/986176","mag":"2053397203","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22545065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2012/986176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/986176","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2012/986176.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2012/986176.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085497985","display_name":"Masaaki Tsujitani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189513530","display_name":"Osaka Electro-Communication University","ror":"https://ror.org/056bksm23","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189513530"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Masaaki Tsujitani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Informatics, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Osaka 572-8530, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Informatics, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Osaka 572-8530, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189513530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000602137","display_name":"Yusuke Tanaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7316-1425"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuke Tanaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Information Division, Data Science Center, EPS Corporation, Osaka 532-0003, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Information Division, Data Science Center, EPS Corporation, Osaka 532-0003, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059872605","display_name":"Masato Sakon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2703-3385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093856","display_name":"Nishinomiya Municipal Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00hm23551","country_code":"JP","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093856"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masato Sakon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nishinomiya Municipal Central Hospital, Hyogo 663-8014, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nishinomiya Municipal Central Hospital, Hyogo 663-8014, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085497985"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189513530"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":0.9345,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76139652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2012","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10351","display_name":"Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10552","display_name":"Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate","display_name":"Covariate","score":0.8747613430023193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportional-hazards-model","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","score":0.7102572917938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survival-analysis","display_name":"Survival analysis","score":0.6749026775360107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.6037842035293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-additive-model","display_name":"Generalized additive model","score":0.6036165356636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5488635897636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survival-function","display_name":"Survival function","score":0.5010550022125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerated-failure-time-model","display_name":"Accelerated failure time model","score":0.471794068813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4437863826751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing-spline","display_name":"Smoothing spline","score":0.4218067228794098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.368112176656723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3386377692222595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.8747613430023193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.7102572917938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.6749026775360107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.6037842035293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194648359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318054","display_name":"Generalized additive model","level":2,"score":0.6036165356636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5488635897636414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42600057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915096","display_name":"Survival function","level":3,"score":0.5010550022125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33114746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4672282","display_name":"Accelerated failure time model","level":3,"score":0.471794068813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4437863826751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7546460","display_name":"Smoothing spline","level":4,"score":0.4218067228794098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.368112176656723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3386377692222595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31447003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545002","display_name":"Spline interpolation","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008105","descriptor_name":"Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008105","descriptor_name":"Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008105","descriptor_name":"Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016016","descriptor_name":"Proportional Hazards Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016016","descriptor_name":"Proportional Hazards Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016016","descriptor_name":"Proportional Hazards Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2012/986176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/986176","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2012/986176.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22545065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22545065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and mathematical methods in medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6eb6025e72ef4e0db6a705f510bfc299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6eb6025e72ef4e0db6a705f510bfc299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, Vol 2012 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3321736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3321736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Comput Math Methods Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2012/986176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/986176","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2012/986176.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36980176","display_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","issn_l":"1748-670X","issn":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2053397203.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2053397203.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179935622","https://openalex.org/W298212978","https://openalex.org/W1487825358","https://openalex.org/W1528905581","https://openalex.org/W1554944419","https://openalex.org/W1556631438","https://openalex.org/W1570622790","https://openalex.org/W1580788756","https://openalex.org/W1921685605","https://openalex.org/W1977258390","https://openalex.org/W1986687652","https://openalex.org/W1986705681","https://openalex.org/W1992464801","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2009499611","https://openalex.org/W2011995986","https://openalex.org/W2014315605","https://openalex.org/W2039600854","https://openalex.org/W2042844758","https://openalex.org/W2055057204","https://openalex.org/W2090019784","https://openalex.org/W2092648747","https://openalex.org/W2093281118","https://openalex.org/W2094338232","https://openalex.org/W2099372171","https://openalex.org/W2102301083","https://openalex.org/W2109533003","https://openalex.org/W2118732857","https://openalex.org/W2119109249","https://openalex.org/W2123497409","https://openalex.org/W2133873291","https://openalex.org/W2135860889","https://openalex.org/W2141570612","https://openalex.org/W2141861294","https://openalex.org/W2145328821","https://openalex.org/W2149514650","https://openalex.org/W2160571019","https://openalex.org/W2162041430","https://openalex.org/W2166163519","https://openalex.org/W2171515720","https://openalex.org/W2294550615","https://openalex.org/W2338423082","https://openalex.org/W3147894994","https://openalex.org/W4239965608","https://openalex.org/W4245958676","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241791143","https://openalex.org/W2400325187","https://openalex.org/W3033239997","https://openalex.org/W2778586139","https://openalex.org/W2901626990","https://openalex.org/W2079991106","https://openalex.org/W2990428857","https://openalex.org/W2612312797","https://openalex.org/W4390798516","https://openalex.org/W2380754093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,61],"discuss":[1],"a":[2,47,84,103],"flexible":[3],"method":[4,99],"for":[5,19,34],"modeling":[6],"survival":[7,44,57,74],"data":[8,101],"using":[9,100],"penalized":[10],"smoothing":[11,80],"splines":[12,70],"when":[13],"the":[14,20,23,35,55,63,73,78,95],"values":[15],"of":[16,22,37,49,106],"covariates":[17],"change":[18],"duration":[21],"study.":[24],"The":[25,90],"Cox":[26],"proportional":[27],"hazards":[28],"model":[29],"has":[30],"been":[31],"widely":[32],"used":[33],"analysis":[36],"treatment":[38],"and":[39,76],"prognostic":[40],"effects":[41],"with":[42,52,68,94,108],"censored":[43],"data.":[45],"However,":[46],"number":[48],"theoretical":[50],"problems":[51],"respect":[53],"to":[54,71],"baseline":[56],"function":[58,75],"remain":[59],"unsolved.":[60],"use":[62],"generalized":[64,96],"additive":[65],"models":[66],"(GAMs)":[67],"B":[69],"estimate":[72],"select":[77],"optimum":[79],"parameters":[81],"based":[82],"on":[83],"variant":[85],"multifold":[86],"cross-validation":[87,97],"(CV)":[88],"method.":[89],"methods":[91],"are":[92],"compared":[93],"(GCV)":[98],"from":[102],"long-term":[104],"study":[105],"patients":[107],"primary":[109],"biliary":[110],"cirrhosis":[111],"(PBC).":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}