{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1988753357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/807612","title":"Gabor Directional Binary Pattern: An Image Descriptor for Gaze Estimation","display_name":"Gabor Directional Binary Pattern: An Image Descriptor for Gaze Estimation","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1988753357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/807612","mag":"1988753357"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2010/807612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/807612","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1155/2010/807612","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1110-8657","issn":["1110-8657","1687-0433","1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1155/2010/807612","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030506758","display_name":"Hongzhi Ge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhi Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China","School of Computer science and technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer science and technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030506758"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":1665,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1665},"apc_paid":{"value":1665,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1665},"fwci":0.4733,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71265653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2010","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8049166202545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7393845319747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7196928858757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7154544591903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6374114751815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.558249831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5533445477485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.501594066619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.43832024931907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4067181646823883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3626272678375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.1278856098651886}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8049166202545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7393845319747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7196928858757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7154544591903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6374114751815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.558249831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5533445477485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.501594066619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.43832024931907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4067181646823883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3626272678375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.1278856098651886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2010/807612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/807612","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1155/2010/807612","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1110-8657","issn":["1110-8657","1687-0433","1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b4a670441952443aacd76b10ac1d721a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b4a670441952443aacd76b10ac1d721a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Vol 2010, Iss 1, p 807612 (2010)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db3dc93f084e42c08c1290478ecea0cb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db3dc93f084e42c08c1290478ecea0cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Vol 2010 (2010)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2010/807612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/807612","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1155/2010/807612","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1110-8657","issn":["1110-8657","1687-0433","1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1988753357.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1988753357.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519033008","https://openalex.org/W1948353611","https://openalex.org/W1964357740","https://openalex.org/W1986386801","https://openalex.org/W2041602625","https://openalex.org/W2069031758","https://openalex.org/W2076705600","https://openalex.org/W2148584227","https://openalex.org/W2154364540","https://openalex.org/W2155555923","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W4251142838","https://openalex.org/W4299296451","https://openalex.org/W6641163509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055219403","https://openalex.org/W2468279273","https://openalex.org/W2791313072","https://openalex.org/W3166997759","https://openalex.org/W2354198838","https://openalex.org/W2794489335","https://openalex.org/W1989130879","https://openalex.org/W2103419012","https://openalex.org/W2080437822","https://openalex.org/W1880689012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"an":[3,44,121],"image":[4,45],"descriptor,":[5,46],"Gabor":[6,17],"Directional":[7],"Binary":[8],"Pattern":[9],"(GDBP),":[10],"for":[11],"robust":[12],"gaze":[13,81,91,117],"estimation.":[14],"In":[15,100],"GDBP,":[16],"magnitude":[18],"information":[19],"is":[20,85],"extracted":[21],"firstly":[22],"from":[23],"a":[24],"cropped":[25],"subimage.":[26],"The":[27],"local":[28],"directional":[29],"derivations":[30],"are":[31],"then":[32,86],"utilized":[33],"to":[34,53,78,88,95],"encode":[35],"the":[36,40,57,65,73,80,90,96,101,116,128],"binary":[37],"patterns":[38],"in":[39],"given":[41],"orientations.":[42],"As":[43],"GDBP":[47,66,130],"can":[48,60,119],"suppress":[49],"noises":[50],"and":[51,71,131],"robustness":[52],"illumination":[54],"variations.":[55],"Meanwhile,":[56],"encoding":[58],"pattern":[59],"emphasize":[61],"boundary.":[62],"We":[63],"use":[64],"features":[67],"of":[68,109,123],"eye":[69],"regions":[70],"adopt":[72],"Support":[74],"Vector":[75],"Regression":[76],"(SVR)":[77],"approximate":[79],"mapping":[82],"function,":[83],"which":[84],"used":[87],"predict":[89],"direction":[92],"with":[93],"respect":[94],"camera":[97],"coordinate":[98],"system.":[99],"person-independent":[102],"experiments,":[103],"our":[104],"dataset":[105],"includes":[106],"4089":[107],"samples":[108],"11":[110],"persons.":[111],"Experimental":[112],"results":[113],"show":[114],"that":[115],"estimation":[118],"achieve":[120],"accuracy":[122],"less":[124],"than":[125],"by":[126],"using":[127],"proposed":[129],"SVR.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
