{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010533953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/437306","title":"A Novel Design of 4-Class BCI Using Two Binary Classifiers and Parallel Mental Tasks","display_name":"A Novel Design of 4-Class BCI Using Two Binary Classifiers and Parallel Mental Tasks","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010533953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/437306","mag":"2010533953","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18584040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2008/437306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/437306","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2008/437306.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2008/437306.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110468997","display_name":"Tao Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8891-7308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082525691","display_name":"John Q. Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1230-7643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Q. Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006096883","display_name":"Matthew Dyson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8707-0137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Dyson","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008521110","display_name":"Chun Sing Louis Tsui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun SL Tsui","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091287198","display_name":"Francisco Sepulveda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8853-3319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Sepulveda","raw_affiliation_strings":["BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCI Group, Department of Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110468997"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":1.9824,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8516494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2008","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.980400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8309677839279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6742331385612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6175022721290588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6020110845565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4577537775039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4478955864906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43047115206718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.3352201581001282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.2254405915737152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2017306089401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14660409092903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.1056952178478241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.10230320692062378}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8309677839279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6742331385612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6175022721290588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6020110845565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4577537775039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4478955864906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43047115206718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3352201581001282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.2254405915737152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2017306089401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14660409092903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.1056952178478241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.10230320692062378}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2008/437306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/437306","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2008/437306.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18584040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18584040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational intelligence and neuroscience","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:020c7960d6754526ba89de6799608763","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/020c7960d6754526ba89de6799608763","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Vol 2008 (2008)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2435224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2435224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Comput Intell Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2008/437306","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/437306","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/cin/2008/437306.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72372694","display_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","issn_l":"1687-5265","issn":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4887512239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/D030552/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6269804356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP-D030552-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2010533953.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2010533953.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587362683","https://openalex.org/W1970070014","https://openalex.org/W2100520255","https://openalex.org/W2101629643","https://openalex.org/W2115854344","https://openalex.org/W2123229936","https://openalex.org/W2125992711","https://openalex.org/W2128962046","https://openalex.org/W2133864802","https://openalex.org/W2148254543","https://openalex.org/W2152863712","https://openalex.org/W2153912116","https://openalex.org/W2163756472","https://openalex.org/W2165217282","https://openalex.org/W2799061466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2747895175","https://openalex.org/W2614669534","https://openalex.org/W2123014508","https://openalex.org/W2104406636","https://openalex.org/W2741028958","https://openalex.org/W2105512057","https://openalex.org/W4252625449","https://openalex.org/W2115788596","https://openalex.org/W4387784741","https://openalex.org/W3131201603"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"novel":[1],"4-class":[2,115,158],"single-trial":[3],"brain":[4],"computer":[5],"interface":[6],"(BCI)":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9,59,92],"two":[10,83,104],"(rather":[11],"than":[12,155],"four":[13],"or":[14,137],"more)":[15],"binary":[16,84,105],"linear":[17],"discriminant":[18],"analysis":[19,140],"(LDA)":[20],"classifiers":[21,85,106],"is":[22,25,68],"proposed,":[23],"which":[24,67],"called":[26],"a":[27,41,152,156],"\"parallel":[28],"BCI.\"":[29],"Unlike":[30],"other":[31],"BCIs":[32],"where":[33],"mental":[34,54,89],"tasks":[35,55,90],"are":[36,57,107],"executed":[37,58,91],"and":[38,99,126,170],"classified":[39],"in":[40,77,120,129,144],"serial":[42],"way":[43],"one":[44,93],"after":[45],"another,":[46],"the":[47,63,69,73,82,88,96,100,103,111,114,147,166],"parallel":[48,53,148],"BCI":[49,74,149],"uses":[50],"properly":[51],"designed":[52],"that":[56],"both":[60,123,161],"sides":[61],"of":[62,72,81,95,102,113,162],"subject":[64,97],"body":[65],"simultaneously,":[66],"main":[70],"novelty":[71],"paradigm":[75],"used":[76,165],"our":[78],"experiments.":[79],"Each":[80],"only":[86],"classifies":[87],"side":[94],"body,":[98],"results":[101],"combined":[108],"to":[109],"give":[110],"result":[112],"BCI.":[116],"Data":[117],"was":[118],"recorded":[119],"experiments":[121],"with":[122],"real":[124],"movement":[125],"motor":[127],"imagery":[128],"3":[130],"able-bodied":[131],"subjects.":[132],"Artifacts":[133],"were":[134],"not":[135],"detected":[136],"removed.":[138],"Offline":[139],"has":[141],"shown":[142],"that,":[143],"some":[145],"subjects,":[146],"can":[150],"generate":[151],"higher":[153],"accuracy":[154],"conventional":[157],"BCI,":[159],"although":[160],"them":[163],"have":[164],"same":[167],"feature":[168],"selection":[169],"classification":[171],"algorithms.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}