{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002422013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/148658","title":"Analysis of Human Electrocardiogram for Biometric Recognition","display_name":"Analysis of Human Electrocardiogram for Biometric Recognition","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002422013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/148658","mag":"2002422013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2008/148658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/148658","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1155/2008/148658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1687-6172","issn":["1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1155/2008/148658","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112348248","display_name":"Yongjin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongjin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, M5S 3G4, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, M5S 3G4, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013249721","display_name":"Foteini Agrafioti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Foteini Agrafioti","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, M5S 3G4, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, M5S 3G4, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041117623","display_name":"Dimitrios Hatzinakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3345-9232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Hatzinakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, M5S 3G4, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, M5S 3G4, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059152392","display_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-5473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, M5S 3G4, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr., Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, M5S 3G4, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, On, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112348248"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"apc_paid":{"value":1140,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1398},"fwci":6.5738,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":339,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97195595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2008","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiducial-marker","display_name":"Fiducial marker","score":0.8763457536697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8550831079483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7520920634269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.7115920186042786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6582578420639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5791096687316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.5717366933822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.466418594121933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autocorrelation","display_name":"Autocorrelation","score":0.44384923577308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.42093661427497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3293761610984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.18870490789413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1742292046546936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173974348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469893","display_name":"Fiducial marker","level":2,"score":0.8763457536697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8550831079483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7520920634269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.7115920186042786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6582578420639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5791096687316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.5717366933822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.466418594121933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.44384923577308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42093661427497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3293761610984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18870490789413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1742292046546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2008/148658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/148658","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1155/2008/148658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1687-6172","issn":["1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/87136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/87136","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/2a24ad57-8176-42d0-88df-b81f2113c9c2/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055458","display_name":"TSpace","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e96afb629824474ba3ef497b82a3f1f9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e96afb629824474ba3ef497b82a3f1f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Vol 2008 (2007)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:localhost:1807/87136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1155/2008/148658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2008/148658","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/148658","pdf_url":"https://asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1155/2008/148658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35920007","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1687-6172","issn":["1687-6172","1687-6180"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310942","display_name":"Ontario Centres of Excellence","ror":"https://ror.org/01t8nk565"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2002422013.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2002422013.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39526896","https://openalex.org/W1544374486","https://openalex.org/W1655694665","https://openalex.org/W1883664232","https://openalex.org/W2006873322","https://openalex.org/W2010710484","https://openalex.org/W2121767418","https://openalex.org/W2122430367","https://openalex.org/W2127510558","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2168028135","https://openalex.org/W2170941890","https://openalex.org/W2535940264","https://openalex.org/W2544984498"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385543909","https://openalex.org/W2525537761","https://openalex.org/W3039320222","https://openalex.org/W2072325087","https://openalex.org/W3199640442","https://openalex.org/W1898280036","https://openalex.org/W2315807364","https://openalex.org/W2905789513","https://openalex.org/W402593573","https://openalex.org/W3000760967"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Security":[0],"concerns":[1],"increase":[2],"as":[3],"the":[4,20,54,67,113,137,145],"technology":[5],"for":[6,26,31,81],"falsification":[7],"advances.":[8],"There":[9],"are":[10,38],"strong":[11],"evidences":[12],"that":[13,90,136],"a":[14,78,118],"difficult":[15],"to":[16,66,110],"falsify":[17],"biometric":[18,32],"trait,":[19],"human":[21,82],"heartbeat,":[22],"can":[23],"be":[24],"used":[25],"identity":[27],"recognition.":[28],"Existing":[29],"solutions":[30],"recognition":[33,142],"from":[34,84],"electrocardiogram":[35],"(ECG)":[36],"signals":[37],"based":[39,121],"on":[40,53,122],"temporal":[41],"and":[42,93],"amplitude":[43],"distances":[44],"between":[45],"detected":[46],"fiducial":[47,57,106,116],"points.":[48],"Such":[49],"methods":[50],"rely":[51],"heavily":[52],"accuracy":[55,143],"of":[56,72,104,115],"detection,":[58],"which":[59],"is":[60,96,132],"still":[61],"an":[62],"open":[63],"problem":[64],"due":[65],"difficulty":[68],"in":[69,125],"exact":[70],"localization":[71],"wave":[73],"boundaries.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"presents":[77],"systematic":[79],"analysis":[80],"identification":[83],"ECG":[85],"data.":[86],"A":[87],"fiducial-detection-based":[88,146],"framework":[89],"incorporates":[91],"analytic":[92],"appearance":[94],"attributes":[95],"first":[97],"introduced.":[98],"The":[99],"appearance-based":[100],"approach":[101,120],"needs":[102],"detection":[103,114],"one":[105],"point":[107],"only.":[108],"Further,":[109],"completely":[111],"relax":[112],"points,":[117],"new":[119],"autocorrelation":[123],"(AC)":[124],"conjunction":[126],"with":[127,144],"discrete":[128],"cosine":[129],"transform":[130],"(DCT)":[131],"proposed.":[133],"Experimentation":[134],"demonstrates":[135],"AC/DCT":[138],"method":[139],"produces":[140],"comparable":[141],"approach.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":33}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}