{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978968298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/65420","title":"An FFT-Based Companding Front End for Noise-Robust Automatic Speech Recognition","display_name":"An FFT-Based Companding Front End for Noise-Robust Automatic Speech Recognition","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978968298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/65420","mag":"1978968298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2007/65420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/65420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19605986","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Audio Speech and Music Processing","issn_l":"1687-4714","issn":["1687-4714","1687-4722","3091-4523"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/65420","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113017615","display_name":"Bhiksha Raj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhiksha Raj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, Ma"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, Ma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039970011","display_name":"Lorenzo Turicchia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Turicchia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082972993","display_name":"Bent Schmidt-Nielsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bent Schmidt-Nielsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, Ma"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, Ma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009252030","display_name":"Rahul Sarpeshkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-0004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Sarpeshkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1635,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1635},"apc_paid":{"value":1635,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1635},"fwci":1.3463,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81936953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2007","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/companding","display_name":"Companding","score":0.9525173902511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/front-and-back-ends","display_name":"Front and back ends","score":0.7766145467758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6985329389572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6507501602172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.60442054271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5313200354576111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3114626705646515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14490452408790588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12021902203559875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104250799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780765","display_name":"Companding","level":4,"score":0.9525173902511597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53016008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620167","display_name":"Front and back ends","level":2,"score":0.7766145467758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6985329389572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6507501602172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.60442054271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5313200354576111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3114626705646515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14490452408790588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12021902203559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/2007/65420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/65420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19605986","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Audio Speech and Music Processing","issn_l":"1687-4714","issn":["1687-4714","1687-4722","3091-4523"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9809363b861a466593fbe4467bf080b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9809363b861a466593fbe4467bf080b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing, Vol 2007 (2007)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/67033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/2007/65420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/65420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19605986","display_name":"EURASIP Journal on Audio Speech and Music Processing","issn_l":"1687-4714","issn":["1687-4714","1687-4722","3091-4523"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48303286","https://openalex.org/W278560147","https://openalex.org/W1575566382","https://openalex.org/W1902885877","https://openalex.org/W1969337476","https://openalex.org/W1978857553","https://openalex.org/W2000073328","https://openalex.org/W2013020033","https://openalex.org/W2022349254","https://openalex.org/W2068566741","https://openalex.org/W2074724960","https://openalex.org/W2086087018","https://openalex.org/W2090861223","https://openalex.org/W2091326689","https://openalex.org/W2105613081","https://openalex.org/W2112529238","https://openalex.org/W2137075158","https://openalex.org/W2143658670","https://openalex.org/W2148154194","https://openalex.org/W2151484683","https://openalex.org/W2153447968","https://openalex.org/W2155104508","https://openalex.org/W2163680580","https://openalex.org/W2165071747","https://openalex.org/W2170114861","https://openalex.org/W2994864326","https://openalex.org/W3148499377","https://openalex.org/W4231354308"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978968298","https://openalex.org/W1992246567","https://openalex.org/W2368779261","https://openalex.org/W2778699561","https://openalex.org/W4280528130","https://openalex.org/W4231381693","https://openalex.org/W2048523409","https://openalex.org/W4377865269","https://openalex.org/W2170114861","https://openalex.org/W2485008119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"describe":[1],"an":[2,50],"FFT-based":[3],"companding":[4],"algorithm":[5,12,65,105],"for":[6],"preprocessing":[7],"speech":[8,25],"before":[9],"recognition.":[10],"The":[11],"mimics":[13],"tone-to-tone":[14],"suppression":[15],"and":[16,37,79],"masking":[17],"in":[18,28,60,101,112],"the":[19,47,56,64,67,93,104,107],"auditory":[20],"system":[21],"to":[22,39,43,88],"improve":[23],"automatic":[24],"recognition":[26,53],"performance":[27],"noise.":[29],"Moreover,":[30],"it":[31],"is":[32],"also":[33],"very":[34],"computationally":[35],"efficient":[36],"suited":[38],"digital":[40],"implementations":[41],"due":[42],"its":[44],"use":[45],"of":[46],"FFT.":[48],"In":[49,92],"automotive":[51],"digits":[52],"task":[54],"with":[55,97],"CU-Move":[57],"database":[58,95],"recorded":[59,96],"real":[61],"environmental":[62],"noise,":[63],"improves":[66,106],"relative":[68,108],"word":[69,109],"error":[70,110],"by":[71,80],"12.5%":[72],"at":[73],"-5":[74],"dB":[75,86,90],"signal-to-noise":[76],"ratio":[77],"(SNR)":[78],"6.2%":[81],"across":[82],"all":[83,114],"SNRs":[84],"(-5":[85],"SNR":[87],"+5":[89],"SNR).":[91],"Aurora-2":[94],"artificially":[98],"added":[99],"noise":[100],"several":[102],"environments,":[103],"rate":[111],"almost":[113],"situations.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-03T07:22:36.454288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}