{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084805654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/1998/12165","title":"Modeling Light\u2010Extraction Characteristics of Packaged Light\u2010Emitting Diodes","display_name":"Modeling Light\u2010Extraction Characteristics of Packaged Light\u2010Emitting Diodes","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084805654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/1998/12165","mag":"2084805654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/1998/12165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/1998/12165","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/1998/012165.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81291924","display_name":"VLSI design","issn_l":"1026-7123","issn":["1026-7123","1065-514X","1563-5171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"VLSI Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/1998/012165.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065432007","display_name":"David Z. Ting","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8313-6963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Z.-Y. Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, China","Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110184431","display_name":"T. C. McGill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T. C. Mcgill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110184431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18175881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1-4","first_page":"363","last_page":"366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9412999749183655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9412999749183655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.9132999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-traversal","display_name":"Tree traversal","score":0.7501727342605591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.6753371357917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ray-tracing","display_name":"Distributed ray tracing","score":0.6712831258773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.6587551832199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diode","display_name":"Diode","score":0.6582160592079163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.6560071110725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.597750723361969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.5825223326683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5294375419616699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.518768310546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4719231128692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.33579549193382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33332559466362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.32918238639831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.28086674213409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19793212413787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17989665269851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13973572850227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10283219814300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.08735942840576172}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140745168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082","display_name":"Tree traversal","level":2,"score":0.7501727342605591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6753371357917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82744980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q951513","display_name":"Distributed ray tracing","level":3,"score":0.6712831258773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.6587551832199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.6582160592079163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.6560071110725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.597750723361969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5825223326683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5294375419616699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.518768310546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4719231128692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33579549193382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33332559466362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.32918238639831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28086674213409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19793212413787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17989665269851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13973572850227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10283219814300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.08735942840576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/1998/12165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/1998/12165","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/1998/012165.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81291924","display_name":"VLSI design","issn_l":"1026-7123","issn":["1026-7123","1065-514X","1563-5171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"VLSI Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:9255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:TINvd98a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402161","display_name":"CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","host_organization_name":"California Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/1998/12165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/1998/12165","pdf_url":"https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/1998/012165.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81291924","display_name":"VLSI design","issn_l":"1026-7123","issn":["1026-7123","1065-514X","1563-5171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"VLSI Design","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2870199824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-92-J- 1845","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G617477426","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-92-J-1845","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323092","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2084805654.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2084805654.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542194435","https://openalex.org/W2075389841","https://openalex.org/W6632516401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790684390","https://openalex.org/W2043557177","https://openalex.org/W3163067707","https://openalex.org/W2012819262","https://openalex.org/W2159421682","https://openalex.org/W3014571735","https://openalex.org/W2362326179","https://openalex.org/W2157260840","https://openalex.org/W2349351862","https://openalex.org/W4324141400"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"employ":[1],"a":[2,52],"Monte":[3],"Carlo":[4],"ray\u2010tracing":[5],"technique":[6],"to":[7],"model":[8],"light\u2010extraction":[9,31],"characteristics":[10],"of":[11,61],"light\u2010emitting":[12],"diodes.":[13],"By":[14],"relaxing":[15],"restrictive":[16],"assumptions":[17],"on":[18,72],"photon":[19,73],"traversal":[20],"history,":[21],"our":[22],"method":[23,56],"improves":[24],"upon":[25],"available":[26],"analytical":[27],"models":[28],"for":[29],"estimating":[30],"efficiencies":[32],"from":[33],"bare":[34],"LED":[35,78],"chips,":[36],"and":[37,76],"enhances":[38],"modeling":[39],"capabilities":[40],"by":[41],"realistically":[42],"treating":[43],"the":[44],"various":[45],"processes":[46],"which":[47],"photons":[48],"can":[49,66],"encounter":[50],"in":[51],"packaged":[53],"LED.":[54],"Our":[55],"is":[57],"not":[58],"only":[59],"capable":[60],"calculating":[62],"extraction":[63,74],"efficiencies,":[64],"but":[65],"also":[67],"provide":[68],"extensive":[69],"statistical":[70],"information":[71],"processes,":[75],"predict":[77],"spatial":[79],"emission":[80],"characteristics.":[81]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
