{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056798512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.485.0693","title":"Enhancing a biomedical information extraction system with dictionary mining and context disambiguation","display_name":"Enhancing a biomedical information extraction system with dictionary mining and context disambiguation","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056798512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.485.0693","mag":"2056798512"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/rd.485.0693","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.485.0693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047802785","display_name":"Sougata Mukherjea","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Mukherjea","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110205806","display_name":"L. V. Subramaniam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. V. Subramaniam","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059863037","display_name":"Gaurav Chanda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Chanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079375693","display_name":"S. Sankararaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5374-6517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Sankararaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072695020","display_name":"Rohit Kothari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-6690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Kothari","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085803049","display_name":"Vishal Batra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-7743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Batra","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037768891","display_name":"Dewesh Bhardwaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-6706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Bhardwaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051577973","display_name":"Biplav Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7292-3838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, IBM India Research Laboratory, Block I, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1975,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76508997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"5.6","first_page":"693","last_page":"701"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.836158037185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.6777125597000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.6254380941390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markup-language","display_name":"Markup language","score":0.6159912943840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-text-mining","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","score":0.5790808200836182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5614909529685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.543986976146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-extraction","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","score":0.507831871509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unstructured-data","display_name":"Unstructured data","score":0.47505876421928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4723925292491913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.46218597888946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4065706431865692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37103450298309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-mining","display_name":"Text mining","score":0.35825657844543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.30892395973205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1912691295146942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xml","display_name":"XML","score":0.15055519342422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.120909184217453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.836158037185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.6777125597000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.6254380941390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37045","display_name":"Markup language","level":3,"score":0.6159912943840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165141518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915126","display_name":"Biomedical text mining","level":3,"score":0.5790808200836182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5614909529685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.543986976146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.507831871509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781252014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141900","display_name":"Unstructured data","level":3,"score":0.47505876421928406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4723925292491913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.46218597888946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4065706431865692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37103450298309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71472368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676880","display_name":"Text mining","level":2,"score":0.35825657844543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30892395973205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1912691295146942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8797682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115","display_name":"XML","level":2,"score":0.15055519342422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.120909184217453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/rd.485.0693","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.485.0693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91190427","https://openalex.org/W1592053870","https://openalex.org/W1983453172","https://openalex.org/W1991570251","https://openalex.org/W2016085990","https://openalex.org/W2061833373","https://openalex.org/W2081508358","https://openalex.org/W2096146054","https://openalex.org/W2101210369","https://openalex.org/W2130260860","https://openalex.org/W2134769633","https://openalex.org/W2152183901","https://openalex.org/W2159882563","https://openalex.org/W2337480916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004288456","https://openalex.org/W2548624545","https://openalex.org/W2017675085","https://openalex.org/W4288094423","https://openalex.org/W2980250610","https://openalex.org/W4378419072","https://openalex.org/W4387606006","https://openalex.org/W4221142212","https://openalex.org/W2094591616","https://openalex.org/W2134429551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Journals":[0],"and":[1,60,88,103,128],"conference":[2],"proceedings":[3],"represent":[4],"the":[5,39,49,54,61,67,114,125],"dominant":[6],"mechanisms":[7],"for":[8,57,66,86,99,107,124],"reporting":[9],"new":[10,109],"biomedical":[11,75,118],"results.":[12],"The":[13],"unstructured":[14,36],"nature":[15],"of":[16,34,51,63],"such":[17],"publications":[18],"makes":[19,70],"it":[20,130],"difficult":[21,73],"to":[22,120,136],"utilize":[23],"data":[24],"mining":[25],"or":[26],"automated":[27],"knowledge":[28],"discovery":[29],"techniques.":[30],"Annotation":[31],"(or":[32,53],"markup)":[33],"these":[35,44],"documents":[37,45],"represents":[38],"first":[40],"step":[41],"in":[42,74,92],"making":[43],"machine-analyzable.":[46],"Often,":[47],"however,":[48],"use":[50,62],"similar":[52],"same)":[55],"labels":[56,65],"different":[58,64],"entities":[59],"same":[68],"entity":[69,71],"extraction":[72,122],"literature.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78],"paper":[79],"we":[80],"present":[81],"a":[82,104,117],"system":[83,115],"called":[84],"BioAnnotator":[85,94],"identifying":[87],"classifying":[89],"biological":[90,132],"terms":[91,102,133],"documents.":[93],"uses":[95,116],"domain-based":[96],"dictionary":[97,119],"lookup":[98],"recognizing":[100],"known":[101],"rule":[105,126],"engine":[106,127],"discovering":[108],"terms.":[110],"We":[111],"explain":[112],"how":[113,129],"learn":[121],"patterns":[123],"disambiguates":[131],"that":[134],"belong":[135],"multiple":[137],"semantic":[138],"classes.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
