{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4249085668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.435.0619","title":"Preface","display_name":"Preface","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4249085668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.435.0619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/rd.435.0619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.435.0619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016107992","display_name":"Kevin Carswell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Carswell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Hardware Development, IBM System/390 Division, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Hardware Development, IBM System/390 Division, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026145928","display_name":"Cyril Price","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cyril Price","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016107992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39945652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"5.6","first_page":"619","last_page":"620"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.007000000216066837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.9156830310821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.6277310848236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.48147574067115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4381260871887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3901524543762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3319839835166931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3205607831478119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.07759320735931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.06783795356750488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.9156830310821533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.6277310848236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.48147574067115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4381260871887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3901524543762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3319839835166931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3205607831478119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.07759320735931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.06783795356750488}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/rd.435.0619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.435.0619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3126131865","https://openalex.org/W4253186488","https://openalex.org/W2044344400","https://openalex.org/W1996938127","https://openalex.org/W2083611981","https://openalex.org/W2398322655","https://openalex.org/W2524838473","https://openalex.org/W3081879387","https://openalex.org/W628040712"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"IBM":[1,32],"S/390\u00ae":[2],"platform":[3],"revitalization":[4],"which":[5],"began":[6],"in":[7],"1993":[8],"saw":[9],"its":[10],"first":[11],"stage":[12,46],"successfully":[13],"completed":[14],"with":[15],"the":[16,19,44,48],"introduction":[17],"of":[18,47],"S/390":[20,34],"Parallel":[21,35],"Enterprise":[22,36],"Server\u2122":[23],"Generation":[24,38],"4":[25],"(G4)":[26],"CMOS":[27,53],"processor.":[28],"In":[29],"September":[30],"1998,":[31],"announced":[33],"Server":[37],"5":[39],"(G5)":[40],"and":[41],"thus":[42],"launched":[43],"second":[45],"transition":[49],"from":[50],"bipolar":[51],"to":[52],"technology.":[54]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-03T08:47:05.690250","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}