{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2978947536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2019.2945301","title":"Creating a water risk index to improve community resilience","display_name":"Creating a water risk index to improve community resilience","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2978947536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2019.2945301","mag":"2978947536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2019.2945301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2019.2945301","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5288520/9011770/08859244.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5288520/9011770/08859244.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079215159","display_name":"Kelly Klima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-4961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. Klima","raw_affiliation_strings":["","degree in mechanical engineering from Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA, in 2003,","RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"degree in mechanical engineering from Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA, in 2003,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007355324","display_name":"L. El Gammal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. El Gammal","raw_affiliation_strings":["","RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003924298","display_name":"Wing Man Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7408-3329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["","RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090177228","display_name":"Diogo Prosdocimi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Prosdocimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["","RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079215159"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1309849503"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2624,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60835315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"1/2","first_page":"16:1","last_page":"16:11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10439","display_name":"Climate change impacts on agriculture","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10747","display_name":"Disaster Management and Resilience","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-myth","display_name":"Flood myth","score":0.773196816444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6847999095916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flooding","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","score":0.613551139831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.4893733859062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazard","display_name":"Hazard","score":0.48402827978134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-resilience","display_name":"Community resilience","score":0.47034958004951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-resilience","display_name":"Psychological resilience","score":0.4694986343383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.4632747173309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-cost","display_name":"Economic cost","score":0.46154242753982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-planning","display_name":"Environmental planning","score":0.45033931732177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.44882330298423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.44343802332878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.428851842880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-risk-reduction","display_name":"Disaster risk reduction","score":0.4269629120826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.4161650836467743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-resource-management","display_name":"Water resource management","score":0.3712249994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.3427966833114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.31374597549438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2848541736602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.27867817878723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.17557576298713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.1539779007434845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09467053413391113}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.773196816444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6847999095916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.613551139831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.4893733859062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.48402827978134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779488668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457767","display_name":"Community resilience","level":3,"score":0.47034958004951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.4694986343383789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4632747173309326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145096142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333450","display_name":"Economic cost","level":2,"score":0.46154242753982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.45033931732177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.44882330298423767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44343802332878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.428851842880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780750338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281359","display_name":"Disaster risk reduction","level":2,"score":0.4269629120826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.4161650836467743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.3712249994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3427966833114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.31374597549438477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2848541736602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.27867817878723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17557576298713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.1539779007434845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09467053413391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2019.2945301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2019.2945301","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5288520/9011770/08859244.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2019.2945301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2019.2945301","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5288520/9011770/08859244.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5613964800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1663479","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2978947536.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2978947536.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1947997293","https://openalex.org/W1969766059","https://openalex.org/W1976496407","https://openalex.org/W1979101451","https://openalex.org/W1996781828","https://openalex.org/W2007323574","https://openalex.org/W2015685608","https://openalex.org/W2016237323","https://openalex.org/W2019384176","https://openalex.org/W2031553845","https://openalex.org/W2049576643","https://openalex.org/W2083315195","https://openalex.org/W2085896364","https://openalex.org/W2106784657","https://openalex.org/W2115855841","https://openalex.org/W2117150513","https://openalex.org/W2120012334","https://openalex.org/W2136620871","https://openalex.org/W2144395796","https://openalex.org/W2144773831","https://openalex.org/W2150419482","https://openalex.org/W2153319362","https://openalex.org/W2175344002","https://openalex.org/W2314573937","https://openalex.org/W2322078410","https://openalex.org/W2326446787","https://openalex.org/W2336429484","https://openalex.org/W2343258540","https://openalex.org/W2345173471","https://openalex.org/W2514901420","https://openalex.org/W2561231307","https://openalex.org/W2709781055","https://openalex.org/W2766763369","https://openalex.org/W2919414739","https://openalex.org/W6681500502","https://openalex.org/W6760265959","https://openalex.org/W6941353222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1831757485","https://openalex.org/W2039543756","https://openalex.org/W2253244189","https://openalex.org/W2902355244","https://openalex.org/W2155715656","https://openalex.org/W4206029406","https://openalex.org/W3161148561","https://openalex.org/W4360898902","https://openalex.org/W4248464425","https://openalex.org/W2302170877"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flood":[0],"risk":[1,48,54,65,139,147,154,175],"reduction":[2,66,155],"is":[3,157,179],"an":[4],"existent":[5],"discourse":[6],"and":[7,11,59,126],"agenda":[8],"in":[9,136,142],"policy":[10,156],"insurance.":[12],"Existing":[13],"approaches":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"linking":[17],"hydrological":[18],"models":[19,23],"to":[20,41,68,79,90,160,191],"economic":[21],"loss":[22],"may":[24],"be":[25],"highly":[26],"inequitable":[27],"between":[28,145],"areas":[29],"of":[30,64,99,105,119,151,163,173],"different":[31],"socio-economic":[32,57,166,177],"vulnerability.":[33,167],"To":[34],"our":[35],"knowledge,":[36],"no":[37,192],"one":[38],"has":[39],"tried":[40],"adapt":[42],"the":[43,56,62,97,106,115,149,152,161,165],"more":[44],"advanced":[45],"known":[46],"heat":[47],"theory":[49],"by":[50],"first":[51],"informing":[52],"flood":[53,70,138,146,153,174],"with":[55,84,189],"vulnerability,":[58],"then":[60,95],"investigating":[61],"sensitivity":[63],"policies":[67],"that":[69,132,170],"risk.":[71,93],"In":[72],"this":[73],"article,":[74],"we":[75],"demonstrate":[76],"two":[77,100],"methods":[78],"combine":[80],"water":[81,87,92],"hazard":[82],"data":[83,178],"a":[85],"derived":[86],"vulnerability":[88],"index":[89],"characterize":[91],"We":[94,113,130],"compare":[96],"costs":[98],"potential":[101],"government":[102],"policies:":[103],"buyout":[104],"home":[107],"versus":[108],"funding":[109],"for":[110,181],"foundation":[111],"elevation.":[112],"use":[114],"case":[116],"study":[117],"area":[118],"Pittsburgh,":[120],"PA,":[121],"which":[122],"faces":[123],"severe":[124],"precipitation":[125],"riverine":[127],"flooding":[128],"hazards.":[129],"find":[131],"while":[133,171],"small":[134],"differences":[135,144],"characterizing":[137],"can":[140,185],"result":[141],"large":[143],"maps,":[148],"cost":[150],"not":[158],"sensitive":[159],"method":[162],"representing":[164],"This":[168],"suggests":[169],"validation":[172],"incorporating":[176],"needed,":[180],"some":[182],"policies,":[183],"policymakers":[184],"prioritize":[186],"environmental":[187],"justice":[188],"little":[190],"additional":[193],"cost.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}