{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990107181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2013.2279599","title":"True hardware random number generation implemented in the 32-nm SOI POWER7+ processor","display_name":"True hardware random number generation implemented in the 32-nm SOI POWER7+ processor","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990107181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2013.2279599","mag":"1990107181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2013.2279599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2013.2279599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078047211","display_name":"J. S. Liberty","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. S. Liberty","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Systems and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","IBM Systems and Tech. Group, Austin, TX#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Tech. Group, Austin, TX#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064313202","display_name":"Anthony Barrera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Barrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Systems and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","IBM Systems and Tech. Group, Austin, TX#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Tech. Group, Austin, TX#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022557756","display_name":"D. Boerstler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156936","display_name":"IBM Research - Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/05gjbbg60","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. W. Boerstler","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Corporation, Austin, TX, USA","IBM, Corporation, Austin, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Corporation, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM, Corporation, Austin, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048999298","display_name":"Thomas B. Chadwick","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. B. Chadwick","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Systems and Technology Group, Essex Junction, VT, USA","IBM Systems and Technology Group, Essex Junction, VT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Technology Group, Essex Junction, VT, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Technology Group, Essex Junction, VT","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015863495","display_name":"S. Cottier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. R. Cottier","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Systems and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","IBM Systems and Tech. Group, Austin, TX#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Tech. Group, Austin, TX#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062909392","display_name":"H. Peter Hofstee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9649-7338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156936","display_name":"IBM Research - Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/05gjbbg60","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. P. Hofstee","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Austin Research Laboratory, Austin, TX, USA","IBM Research Division, Austin Research Laboratory, Austin, TX#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Austin Research Laboratory, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Austin Research Laboratory, Austin, TX#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063154370","display_name":"J. A. Rosser","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. A. Rosser","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM System and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","IBM System and Tech. Group Austin, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM System and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM System and Tech. Group Austin, TX","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017416395","display_name":"Ming-Chien Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. L. Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Systems and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","IBM Systems and Tech. Group, Austin, TX#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Technology Group, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Systems and Tech. Group, Austin, TX#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078047211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85501066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"6","first_page":"4:1","last_page":"4:7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.8133461475372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.6850890517234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6401724219322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.597875714302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.49540412425994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.43709689378738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.436267614364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4269565939903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.31933820247650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.18847402930259705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.183403879404068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1479780375957489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0984780490398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.07425299286842346}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.8133461475372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.6850890517234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6401724219322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.597875714302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.49540412425994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.43709689378738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.436267614364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4269565939903259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.31933820247650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18847402930259705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.183403879404068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1479780375957489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0984780490398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.07425299286842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2013.2279599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2013.2279599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1564201208","https://openalex.org/W1565273324","https://openalex.org/W1964723977","https://openalex.org/W2039973439","https://openalex.org/W2118565267","https://openalex.org/W3148518762"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2910439186","https://openalex.org/W3134956345","https://openalex.org/W2773228113","https://openalex.org/W2523104764","https://openalex.org/W3004634482","https://openalex.org/W2922433876","https://openalex.org/W3084704944","https://openalex.org/W4381427530","https://openalex.org/W2610269622","https://openalex.org/W2054443616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"provides":[2],"a":[3,71,79,111,124],"description":[4],"of":[5,37,52,74,81,106,128],"the":[6,15,21,46,50,61,104,107,121],"hardware":[7],"random":[8,75],"number":[9],"generator":[10],"that":[11,60,102],"is":[12,39,56,63,86,131],"implemented":[13,29],"on":[14,41],"IBM":[16],"POWER7+\u2122":[17],"processor.":[18],"We":[19,58],"discuss":[20],"underlying":[22],"mechanism":[23,113],"using":[24,78],"basic":[25],"ring":[26,47,117],"oscillator":[27,118],"circuits":[28],"in":[30,45],"standard":[31],"digital":[32],"logic":[33,82],"circuits.":[34],"The":[35,84],"source":[36],"entropy":[38,97],"based":[40],"sampling":[42],"phase":[43,53],"jitter":[44,54],"oscillators,":[48],"and":[49,65],"rate":[51,73,127],"accumulation":[55],"measured.":[57],"show":[59],"design":[62,85],"simple":[64],"robust":[66],"yet":[67],"able":[68,93],"to":[69,89,94,114],"generate":[70],"high":[72,126],"bits":[76],"while":[77],"minimum":[80],"area.":[83],"very":[87,125],"resistant":[88],"physical":[90],"manipulation,":[91],"being":[92],"produce":[95],"solid":[96],"values":[98],"under":[99],"environmental":[100],"conditions":[101],"exceed":[103],"requirements":[105],"surrounding":[108],"circuitry.":[109],"With":[110],"design-specific":[112],"correct":[115],"for":[116],"sample":[119],"bias,":[120],"output":[122],"shows":[123],"entropy,":[129],"which":[130],"validated.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}