{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1870868768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188761","title":"Making Watson fast","display_name":"Making Watson fast","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1870868768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188761","mag":"1870868768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2012.2188761","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005522150","display_name":"Eddie Epstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. A. Epstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016084337","display_name":"Marshall I. Schor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. I. Schor","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007524204","display_name":"Bhavani Iyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. S. Iyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025006478","display_name":"Adam Lally","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Lally","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075159988","display_name":"Eric W. Brown","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. W. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007490037","display_name":"J. Cwiklik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Cwiklik","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.288,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97811767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3.4","first_page":"15:1","last_page":"15:12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watson","display_name":"Watson","score":0.8765776753425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.8155595064163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7519280910491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6768738031387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-parallel","display_name":"Massively parallel","score":0.6297594904899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6007605791091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5869682431221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5349458456039429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4333130121231079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3524385690689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19617828726768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19582045078277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11159583926200867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.07428720593452454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12253","display_name":"Watson","level":2,"score":0.8765776753425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.8155595064163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7519280910491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6768738031387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190475519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544384","display_name":"Massively parallel","level":2,"score":0.6297594904899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6007605791091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5869682431221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5349458456039429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4333130121231079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3524385690689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19617828726768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19582045078277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11159583926200867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.07428720593452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2012.2188761","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32002537","https://openalex.org/W160318044","https://openalex.org/W1483066007","https://openalex.org/W2080278171","https://openalex.org/W2099762194","https://openalex.org/W2104798349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W119040397","https://openalex.org/W2030370756","https://openalex.org/W1996757432","https://openalex.org/W1895855269","https://openalex.org/W1543798151","https://openalex.org/W2806676437","https://openalex.org/W2101288321","https://openalex.org/W2022867548","https://openalex.org/W2169258784","https://openalex.org/W1991107682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"IBM":[0],"Watson\u2122":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,16,53,64],"system":[4],"created":[5],"to":[6,27,78,82],"demonstrate":[7],"DeepQA":[8,23],"technology":[9],"by":[10,42],"competing":[11],"against":[12],"human":[13],"champions":[14],"in":[15,84],"question-answering":[17],"game":[18],"designed":[19,26],"for":[20],"people.":[21],"The":[22],"architecture":[24],"was":[25],"be":[28,40],"massively":[29],"parallel,":[30],"with":[31],"an":[32],"expectation":[33],"that":[34],"low":[35],"latency":[36],"response":[37],"times":[38],"could":[39],"achieved":[41],"doing":[43],"parallel":[44],"computation":[45],"on":[46],"many":[47],"computers.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"describes":[51],"how":[52],"large":[54],"set":[55],"of":[56,71],"deep":[57],"natural-language":[58],"processing":[59,73],"programs":[60],"were":[61],"integrated":[62],"into":[63],"single":[65],"application,":[66],"scaled":[67],"out":[68],"across":[69],"thousands":[70],"central":[72],"unit":[74],"cores,":[75],"and":[76],"optimized":[77],"run":[79],"fast":[80],"enough":[81],"compete":[83],"live":[85],"Jeopardy!\u2122":[86],"games.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}