{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138295022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188760","title":"A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA","display_name":"A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138295022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188760","mag":"2138295022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2012.2188760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006194860","display_name":"David Gondek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. C. Gondek","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025006478","display_name":"Adam Lally","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Lally","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111981539","display_name":"Aditya Kalyanpur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Kalyanpur","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080633231","display_name":"Jaimie Murdock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1732-5499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. W. Murdock","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045748246","display_name":"Pablo Duboue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802418778","display_name":"Foothills Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/020wfrz93","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802418778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. A. Duboue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Les Laboratoires Foulab, Quebec, Canada","Les Laboratoires Foulab, Montreal, Quebec, Canada#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Les Laboratoires Foulab, Quebec, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802418778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Les Laboratoires Foulab, Montreal, Quebec, Canada#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074868167","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8698-8959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126794","display_name":"IBM Research (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yg1pf55","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062733236","display_name":"Y. Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4296-1366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126794","display_name":"IBM Research (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yg1pf55","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084334148","display_name":"Zhangchi Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8763-4070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126794","display_name":"IBM Research (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yg1pf55","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. M. Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108121596","display_name":"C. Welty","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Welty","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.9687,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99648447,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3.4","first_page":"14:1","last_page":"14:12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.748396635055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.740090548992157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.7153542637825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6633672118186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ibm","display_name":"IBM","score":0.6587522029876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agile-software-development","display_name":"Agile software development","score":0.573706865310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5699188113212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.42430388927459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.24396875500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1097569465637207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.748396635055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.740090548992157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.7153542637825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6633672118186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70388272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5968558","display_name":"IBM","level":2,"score":0.6587522029876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.573706865310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5699188113212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.42430388927459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.24396875500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1097569465637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2012.2188760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307762","display_name":"International Business Machines Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312538","display_name":"Wikimedia Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/032q98j12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W32002537","https://openalex.org/W37696276","https://openalex.org/W160318044","https://openalex.org/W187357405","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1689445748","https://openalex.org/W1694079474","https://openalex.org/W2039371384","https://openalex.org/W2099762194","https://openalex.org/W2102011767","https://openalex.org/W2106390866","https://openalex.org/W2125398996","https://openalex.org/W2131192836","https://openalex.org/W2150884987","https://openalex.org/W2153225416","https://openalex.org/W2341162757","https://openalex.org/W2988119488","https://openalex.org/W4298304654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126131865","https://openalex.org/W2044344400","https://openalex.org/W4253186488","https://openalex.org/W1996938127","https://openalex.org/W2083611981","https://openalex.org/W2043380045","https://openalex.org/W4231814374","https://openalex.org/W2099557065","https://openalex.org/W2484410460","https://openalex.org/W2250278543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"final":[1],"stage":[2],"in":[3,51,70],"the":[4,20,45,98,109,115,118,122],"IBM":[5],"DeepQA":[6],"pipeline":[7],"involves":[8],"ranking":[9],"all":[10],"candidate":[11,24],"answers":[12],"according":[13],"to":[14,62,65,104,107],"their":[15],"evidence":[16,87,111],"scores":[17],"and":[18,47,95,120],"judging":[19],"likelihood":[21],"that":[22,38,68],"each":[23],"answer":[25],"is":[26,31,39],"correct.":[27],"In":[28],"DeepQA,":[29],"this":[30,57],"done":[32],"using":[33],"a":[34,125],"machine":[35,49,72,127],"learning":[36,50,73,128],"framework":[37],"phase-based,":[40],"providing":[41],"capabilities":[42],"for":[43,74,85,100],"manipulating":[44],"data":[46],"applying":[48,71],"successive":[52],"applications.":[53],"We":[54,113],"show":[55],"how":[56,106],"design":[58],"can":[59,90],"be":[60,91],"used":[61],"implement":[63],"solutions":[64],"particular":[66],"challenges":[67],"arise":[69],"evidence-based":[75],"hypothesis":[76],"evaluation.":[77],"Our":[78],"approach":[79],"facilitates":[80],"an":[81],"agile":[82],"development":[83],"environment":[84],"DeepQA;":[86],"scoring":[88],"strategies":[89],"easily":[92],"introduced,":[93],"revised,":[94],"reconfigured":[96],"without":[97],"need":[99],"error-prone":[101],"manual":[102],"effort":[103],"determine":[105],"combine":[108],"various":[110],"scores.":[112],"describe":[114],"framework,":[116],"explain":[117],"challenges,":[119],"evaluate":[121],"gain":[123],"over":[124],"baseline":[126],"approach.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
