{"id":"https://openalex.org/W37696276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188737","title":"Structured data and inference in DeepQA","display_name":"Structured data and inference in DeepQA","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W37696276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188737","mag":"37696276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2012.2188737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111981539","display_name":"Aditya Kalyanpur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Kalyanpur","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109855171","display_name":"B. K. Boguraev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. K. Boguraev","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102909728","display_name":"Siddharth Patwardhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7355-355X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Patwardhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080633231","display_name":"Jaimie Murdock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1732-5499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. W. Murdock","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025006478","display_name":"Adam Lally","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Lally","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108121596","display_name":"C. Welty","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Welty","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001851133","display_name":"John Prager","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2976-9051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. M. Prager","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028595273","display_name":"Bonaventura Coppola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2330-6993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Coppola","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007978994","display_name":"Achille Fokoue-Nkoutche","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Fokoue-Nkoutche","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074868167","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8698-8959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126794","display_name":"IBM Research (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yg1pf55","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Haidian District, Beijing , China","IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Haidian District, Beijing , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062733236","display_name":"Y. Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4296-1366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126794","display_name":"IBM Research (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yg1pf55","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Haidian District, Beijing, China","IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Haidian District, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084334148","display_name":"Zhangchi Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8763-4070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126794","display_name":"IBM Research (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yg1pf55","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. M. Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Haidian District, Beijing, China","IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Haidian District, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, China Research Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126794"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111981539"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.2726,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98790859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3.4","first_page":"10:1","last_page":"10:14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11063","display_name":"Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7900478839874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-structured-data","display_name":"Semi-structured data","score":0.5371142029762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.5255690217018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unstructured-data","display_name":"Unstructured data","score":0.4874272644519806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.47917404770851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.44939500093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.44400060176849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.43229860067367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4137519299983978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4032118022441864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3920706510543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3555915355682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3216843008995056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2758338153362274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.1385686695575714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.13026034832000732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7900478839874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40077939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2336004","display_name":"Semi-structured data","level":3,"score":0.5371142029762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5255690217018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781252014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141900","display_name":"Unstructured data","level":3,"score":0.4874272644519806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.47917404770851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.44939500093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.44400060176849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.43229860067367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4137519299983978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4032118022441864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3920706510543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3555915355682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3216843008995056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2758338153362274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.1385686695575714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.13026034832000732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780899","display_name":"Complementation","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2012.2188737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2188737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11155487","https://openalex.org/W26720135","https://openalex.org/W30314283","https://openalex.org/W32002537","https://openalex.org/W160318044","https://openalex.org/W164524185","https://openalex.org/W1484636496","https://openalex.org/W1485852130","https://openalex.org/W1595020351","https://openalex.org/W1694079474","https://openalex.org/W1812636409","https://openalex.org/W1979263599","https://openalex.org/W2022166150","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2096623622","https://openalex.org/W2099762194","https://openalex.org/W2104798349","https://openalex.org/W2106390866","https://openalex.org/W2115792525","https://openalex.org/W2129615379","https://openalex.org/W2131192836","https://openalex.org/W2138295022","https://openalex.org/W2148527697","https://openalex.org/W2153225416","https://openalex.org/W2158890594","https://openalex.org/W3137523908","https://openalex.org/W4234080245","https://openalex.org/W6600437753","https://openalex.org/W6601125641","https://openalex.org/W6601179756","https://openalex.org/W6605815150","https://openalex.org/W6606627670","https://openalex.org/W6638237376","https://openalex.org/W6677337689","https://openalex.org/W6681832707","https://openalex.org/W6792216640","https://openalex.org/W6835331131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2142354878","https://openalex.org/W2034595671","https://openalex.org/W2281126075","https://openalex.org/W2942479669","https://openalex.org/W4285283352","https://openalex.org/W2405464607","https://openalex.org/W3034384113","https://openalex.org/W1622528090","https://openalex.org/W4327649155","https://openalex.org/W4379260090"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"the":[1,19,142,156,187],"majority":[2],"of":[3,58,117,127,147,150,158,164,178],"evidence":[4,137],"analysis":[5],"in":[6,18,50,135],"DeepQA":[7,20,89,128],"is":[8,74,124],"focused":[9],"on":[10,186],"unstructured":[11,48],"information":[12],"(e.g.,":[13,25],"natural-language":[14],"documents),":[15],"several":[16],"components":[17,105,129,180],"system":[21,90],"use":[22,107,131,157],"structured":[23,68,97,110,132,139],"data":[24,41,69,98],"databases,":[26],"knowledge":[27,163],"bases,":[28],"and":[29,108,111,119,152,155,172,181],"ontologies)":[30],"to":[31,47,76,84,106],"generate":[32],"potential":[33],"candidate":[34],"answers":[35],"or":[36],"find":[37],"additional":[38],"evidence.":[39,87],"Structured":[40],"analytics":[42],"are":[43,61],"a":[44,55,94,125,161],"natural":[45],"complement":[46],"methods":[49],"that":[51,65,70,80,130],"they":[52],"typically":[53],"cover":[54],"narrower":[56],"range":[57],"questions":[59],"but":[60],"more":[62],"precise":[63],"within":[64],"range.":[66],"Moreover,":[67],"has":[71,141],"formal":[72,120],"semantics":[73],"amenable":[75],"logical":[77],"reasoning":[78],"techniques":[79],"can":[81],"be":[82],"used":[83],"provide":[85],"implicit":[86],"The":[88],"does":[91],"not":[92],"contain":[93],"single":[95],"monolithic":[96],"module;":[99],"instead,":[100],"it":[101],"allows":[102],"for":[103],"different":[104],"integrate":[109],"semistructured":[112],"data,":[113],"with":[114],"varying":[115],"degrees":[116],"expressivity":[118],"specificity.":[121],"This":[122],"paper":[123],"survey":[126],"data.":[133],"Areas":[134],"which":[136],"from":[138],"sources":[140],"most":[143],"impact":[144,185],"include":[145],"typing":[146],"answers,":[148],"application":[149],"geospatial":[151],"temporal":[153],"constraints,":[154],"formally":[159],"encoded":[160],"priori":[162],"commonly":[165],"appearing":[166],"entity":[167],"types":[168],"such":[169],"as":[170],"countries":[171],"U.S.":[173],"presidents.":[174],"We":[175],"present":[176],"details":[177],"appropriate":[179],"demonstrate":[182],"their":[183],"end-to-end":[184],"IBM":[188],"Watson\u2122":[189],"system.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}