{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104798349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2185409","title":"Deep parsing in Watson","display_name":"Deep parsing in Watson","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104798349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2185409","mag":"2104798349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2012.2185409","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2185409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027310988","display_name":"Michael C. McCord","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. C. McCord","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080633231","display_name":"Jaimie Murdock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1732-5499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. W. Murdock","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109855171","display_name":"B. K. Boguraev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. K. Boguraev","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Division Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027310988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.0143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99433037,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3.4","first_page":"3:1","last_page":"3:15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watson","display_name":"Watson","score":0.9355168342590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.8629739880561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.742286205291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6630287170410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.550692081451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.5188209414482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predicate","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","score":0.5127044916152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.4859122335910797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.48178502917289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.28801026940345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.27717217803001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.13653415441513062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12253","display_name":"Watson","level":2,"score":0.9355168342590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.8629739880561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.742286205291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6630287170410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.550692081451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5188209414482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140146324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144319","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.5127044916152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.4859122335910797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.48178502917289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.28801026940345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.27717217803001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.13653415441513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2012.2185409","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2012.2185409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32002537","https://openalex.org/W37696276","https://openalex.org/W73274768","https://openalex.org/W160318044","https://openalex.org/W1508977358","https://openalex.org/W1548888184","https://openalex.org/W1579035156","https://openalex.org/W1627331591","https://openalex.org/W1694079474","https://openalex.org/W1967854045","https://openalex.org/W2038248725","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2067936680","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2092654472","https://openalex.org/W2097606805","https://openalex.org/W2099762194","https://openalex.org/W2106390866","https://openalex.org/W2125712079","https://openalex.org/W2129615379","https://openalex.org/W2131192836","https://openalex.org/W2912891077","https://openalex.org/W4235505822","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602999377","https://openalex.org/W6632893924","https://openalex.org/W6636561737","https://openalex.org/W6758937927"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151363515","https://openalex.org/W2902037120","https://openalex.org/W3174693904","https://openalex.org/W2313409890","https://openalex.org/W2244083478","https://openalex.org/W2560584003","https://openalex.org/W4239406214","https://openalex.org/W2137350811","https://openalex.org/W2119897479","https://openalex.org/W4233948982"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"deep":[1],"parsing":[2],"components,":[3],"an":[4],"English":[5],"Slot":[6],"Grammar":[7],"(ESG)":[8],"parser":[9],"and":[10,24,34,47,61,67,92],"a":[11,99],"predicate-argument":[12],"structure":[13],"(PAS)":[14],"builder,":[15],"provide":[16,108],"core":[17],"linguistic":[18],"analyses":[19],"of":[20,49,54,79,104,111,116],"both":[21],"the":[22,25,55,113],"questions":[23,66],"text":[26],"content":[27],"used":[28,97],"by":[29],"IBM":[30],"Watson\u2122":[31],"to":[32,81],"find":[33],"hypothesize":[35],"answers.":[36],"Specifically,":[37],"these":[38,90],"components":[39,91],"are":[40,96],"fundamental":[41],"in":[42,98],"question":[43],"analysis,":[44],"candidate":[45],"generation,":[46],"analysis":[48],"passage":[50],"evidence.":[51],"As":[52],"part":[53],"Watson":[56],"project,":[57],"ESG":[58,80,117],"was":[59,72,75],"enhanced,":[60],"its":[62],"performance":[63,115],"on":[64,68,77],"Jeopardy!\u2122":[65],"established":[69],"reference":[70],"data":[71],"improved.":[73],"PAS":[74],"built":[76],"top":[78],"support":[82],"higher-level":[83],"analytics.":[84],"In":[85],"this":[86],"paper,":[87],"we":[88],"describe":[89],"illustrate":[93],"how":[94],"they":[95],"pattern-based":[100],"relation":[101],"extraction":[102],"component":[103],"Watson.":[105],"We":[106],"also":[107],"quantitative":[109],"results":[110],"evaluating":[112],"component-level":[114],"parsing.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
