{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2077654705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2010.2045251","title":"Causal networks for risk and compliance: Methodology and application","display_name":"Causal networks for risk and compliance: Methodology and application","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2077654705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2010.2045251","mag":"2077654705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2010.2045251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2010.2045251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044907764","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Elisseeff","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Elisseeff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nhumi Technologies GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland","Nhumi Technologies GmbH, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nhumi Technologies GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nhumi Technologies GmbH, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054638270","display_name":"Jean\u2010Philippe Pellet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7559-397X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.-P. Pellet","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, Ruschlikon, Switzerland","IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, R\u00fcschlikon, Switzerland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, Ruschlikon, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, R\u00fcschlikon, Switzerland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031481348","display_name":"Eleni Pratsini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126328","display_name":"IBM Research - Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02js37d36","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Pratsini","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, Ruschlikon, Switzerland","IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, R\u00fcschlikon, Switzerland#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, Ruschlikon, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126328"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Division, Zurich Research Laboratory, R\u00fcschlikon, Switzerland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8646,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87806273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"3","first_page":"6:1","last_page":"6:12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6214184165000916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5894172787666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.585088849067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.559509813785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5521392822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.491449236869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4843827188014984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3354909420013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21287864446640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1377640664577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08761879801750183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6214184165000916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5894172787666321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.585088849067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.559509813785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5521392822265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.491449236869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4843827188014984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3354909420013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21287864446640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1377640664577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08761879801750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1147/jrd.2010.2045251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1147/jrd.2010.2045251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219925","display_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","issn_l":"0018-8646","issn":["0018-8646","2151-8556"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320652","host_organization_name":"IBM","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320652"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IBM"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IBM Journal of Research and Development","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332163","display_name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76332699","https://openalex.org/W164629893","https://openalex.org/W201565394","https://openalex.org/W1492518391","https://openalex.org/W1521447691","https://openalex.org/W1553411444","https://openalex.org/W1567082073","https://openalex.org/W1755360231","https://openalex.org/W1967233049","https://openalex.org/W2018116907","https://openalex.org/W2034647518","https://openalex.org/W2075734201","https://openalex.org/W2083281921","https://openalex.org/W2089850018","https://openalex.org/W2092915639","https://openalex.org/W2096504109","https://openalex.org/W2098165956","https://openalex.org/W2116289830","https://openalex.org/W2119394710","https://openalex.org/W2130440850","https://openalex.org/W2131891947","https://openalex.org/W2133575467","https://openalex.org/W2134990922","https://openalex.org/W2137651144","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2143075689","https://openalex.org/W2152708262","https://openalex.org/W2181574074","https://openalex.org/W2340093235","https://openalex.org/W2793346385","https://openalex.org/W2905472553","https://openalex.org/W3006549497","https://openalex.org/W3133236490","https://openalex.org/W4234474371","https://openalex.org/W4244997706","https://openalex.org/W4299515571","https://openalex.org/W4299670631","https://openalex.org/W6608378064","https://openalex.org/W6633921353","https://openalex.org/W6685957540","https://openalex.org/W6757182923"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2275080951","https://openalex.org/W2304367519","https://openalex.org/W317280348","https://openalex.org/W2021164415","https://openalex.org/W2076296186","https://openalex.org/W2347810345","https://openalex.org/W2204472172","https://openalex.org/W2958130028","https://openalex.org/W2078331408","https://openalex.org/W2120748362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"<para":[0],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[1],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[2],"This":[3,31],"paper":[4],"presents":[5],"a":[6,16,114,145],"statistical":[7],"approach":[8,32,130],"to":[9,18,26,28,43,56,66,80,107,131,164],"quantitatively":[10],"measure":[11],"the":[12,59,68,73,76,94,109,128,132,156],"current":[13],"exposure":[14],"of":[15,61,70,75,134,140,149],"company":[17],"failures":[19],"and":[20,50,79,119,161,168],"defects":[21],"in":[22],"product":[23],"quality":[24],"or":[25,88],"compliance":[27],"government":[29],"regulations.":[30],"is":[33,103],"based":[34,122],"on":[35,72,123],"causal":[36,95],"networks,":[37],"which":[38],"have":[39],"previously":[40],"been":[41],"applied":[42],"other":[44],"fields,":[45],"such":[46,141],"as":[47],"systems":[48],"maintenance":[49],"reliability.":[51],"Causal":[52],"networks":[53,142],"allow":[54],"analysts":[55],"causally":[57],"explain":[58],"values":[60],"variables":[62],"(an":[63,90],"explanatory":[64],"approach),":[65],"assess":[67],"effect":[69],"interventions":[71],"structure":[74,96],"data-generating":[77],"process,":[78],"evaluate":[81,165],"\u201cwhat-if\u201d":[82],"scenarios,":[83],"that":[84],"is,":[85],"alternative":[86,166],"methods":[87,167],"policies":[89],"exploratory":[91],"approach).":[92],"Building":[93],"raises":[97],"some":[98],"challenges.":[99],"In":[100],"particular,":[101],"there":[102],"no":[104],"automated":[105],"way":[106],"collect":[108],"needed":[110],"data.":[111],"We":[112,126],"present":[113],"methodology":[115],"for":[116,144,158],"model":[117],"selection":[118],"probability":[120],"elicitation":[121],"expert":[124],"knowledge.":[125],"apply":[127],"proposed":[129],"case":[133],"pharmaceutical":[135],"manufacturing":[136,153],"processes.":[137],"The":[138],"use":[139],"allows":[143,162],"more":[146],"rigorous":[147],"comparison":[148],"practices":[150],"across":[151],"different":[152],"sites,":[154],"creates":[155],"opportunity":[157],"risk":[159],"remediation,":[160],"us":[163],"approaches.":[169],"</para>":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}