{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096597946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-062420-090543","title":"Autonomy in Surgical Robotics","display_name":"Autonomy in Surgical Robotics","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096597946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-062420-090543","mag":"3096597946"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-control-062420-090543","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-062420-090543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191328","display_name":"Annual Review of Control Robotics and Autonomous Systems","issn_l":"2573-5144","issn":["2573-5144"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1168387","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018445278","display_name":"Aleks Attanasio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-707X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110387","display_name":"Microelectronica (Romania)","ror":"https://ror.org/01keak954","country_code":"RO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110387"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["GB","IT","RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleks Attanasio","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;, ,","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK","Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy,","Dipartimento di Elettronica,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;, ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058233406","display_name":"Bruno Scaglioni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-8411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110387","display_name":"Microelectronica (Romania)","ror":"https://ror.org/01keak954","country_code":"RO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110387"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["GB","IT","RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruno Scaglioni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;, ,","Dipartimento di Elettronica,","Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy,","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;, ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083795699","display_name":"Elena De Momi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8819-2734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110387","display_name":"Microelectronica (Romania)","ror":"https://ror.org/01keak954","country_code":"RO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110387"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["GB","IT","RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena De Momi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;","Dipartimento di Elettronica,","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065107543","display_name":"Paolo Fiorini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0711-8605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Fiorini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;","Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy,","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035357710","display_name":"Pietro Valdastri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2280-5438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110387","display_name":"Microelectronica (Romania)","ror":"https://ror.org/01keak954","country_code":"RO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110387"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["GB","IT","RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pietro Valdastri","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;, ,","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK","Dipartimento di Elettronica,","Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;, ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110387"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4833,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":240,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97922365,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"651","last_page":"679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.8576704263687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.8253657817840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.728094220161438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7264806032180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.5961048603057861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5750656127929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5495383739471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5180423259735107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4982163906097412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2714930474758148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.1743270754814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.09922659397125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08269843459129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06680721044540405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.8576704263687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.8253657817840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.728094220161438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7264806032180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5961048603057861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5750656127929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5495383739471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5180423259735107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4982163906097412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2714930474758148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.1743270754814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09922659397125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08269843459129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06680721044540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-control-062420-090543","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-062420-090543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191328","display_name":"Annual Review of Control Robotics and Autonomous Systems","issn_l":"2573-5144","issn":["2573-5144"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1168387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1168387","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1168387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:163734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/163734/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1168387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1168387","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1168387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3352540755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"818045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3835379126","display_name":"Surgery enabled by ultrasonics","funder_award_id":"EP/R045291/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5602145593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R045291/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3096597946.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3096597946.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":147,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72393350","https://openalex.org/W100441416","https://openalex.org/W874338386","https://openalex.org/W1024591929","https://openalex.org/W1500775915","https://openalex.org/W1603824469","https://openalex.org/W1644188304","https://openalex.org/W1884191083","https://openalex.org/W1964502429","https://openalex.org/W1967700140","https://openalex.org/W1983309556","https://openalex.org/W1983386331","https://openalex.org/W1989675217","https://openalex.org/W1996863251","https://openalex.org/W1998637140","https://openalex.org/W2011393930","https://openalex.org/W2012255096","https://openalex.org/W2013849211","https://openalex.org/W2019690914","https://openalex.org/W2025468671","https://openalex.org/W2028964380","https://openalex.org/W2032228491","https://openalex.org/W2034540019","https://openalex.org/W2040031263","https://openalex.org/W2045983800","https://openalex.org/W2049577501","https://openalex.org/W2052626612","https://openalex.org/W2055185364","https://openalex.org/W2055669540","https://openalex.org/W2060239234","https://openalex.org/W2061814219","https://openalex.org/W2079045214","https://openalex.org/W2083016933","https://openalex.org/W2084188715","https://openalex.org/W2088392499","https://openalex.org/W2089145243","https://openalex.org/W2089913832","https://openalex.org/W2093688129","https://openalex.org/W2095720274","https://openalex.org/W2098701449","https://openalex.org/W2099223823","https://openalex.org/W2100310399","https://openalex.org/W2104619241","https://openalex.org/W2109121052","https://openalex.org/W2109382108","https://openalex.org/W2121554912","https://openalex.org/W2125511732","https://openalex.org/W2132929497","https://openalex.org/W2134178143","https://openalex.org/W2141158844","https://openalex.org/W2146761577","https://openalex.org/W2156154123","https://openalex.org/W2158372498","https://openalex.org/W2161594776","https://openalex.org/W2168046319","https://openalex.org/W2168282852","https://openalex.org/W2179331991","https://openalex.org/W2201264937","https://openalex.org/W2204652229","https://openalex.org/W2212918984","https://openalex.org/W2243910751","https://openalex.org/W2247922927","https://openalex.org/W2276112427","https://openalex.org/W2296595409","https://openalex.org/W2300826224","https://openalex.org/W2322971354","https://openalex.org/W2341108136","https://openalex.org/W2414591976","https://openalex.org/W2416176951","https://openalex.org/W2511508505","https://openalex.org/W2518760326","https://openalex.org/W2541905211","https://openalex.org/W2550380503","https://openalex.org/W2555747011","https://openalex.org/W2566902982","https://openalex.org/W2568518337","https://openalex.org/W2573238500","https://openalex.org/W2588519627","https://openalex.org/W2588930121","https://openalex.org/W2592932869","https://openalex.org/W2598070036","https://openalex.org/W2605829637","https://openalex.org/W2610665011","https://openalex.org/W2657144928","https://openalex.org/W2720076991","https://openalex.org/W2737004169","https://openalex.org/W2738671059","https://openalex.org/W2744900881","https://openalex.org/W2755918652","https://openalex.org/W2762030399","https://openalex.org/W2767012294","https://openalex.org/W2774216000","https://openalex.org/W2774346853","https://openalex.org/W2776074204","https://openalex.org/W2780143578","https://openalex.org/W2790395680","https://openalex.org/W2790485773","https://openalex.org/W2790599466","https://openalex.org/W2790828175","https://openalex.org/W2791377715","https://openalex.org/W2791583266","https://openalex.org/W2794387392","https://openalex.org/W2795078861","https://openalex.org/W2802167593","https://openalex.org/W2804900779","https://openalex.org/W2806187888","https://openalex.org/W2809199532","https://openalex.org/W2888766141","https://openalex.org/W2899881299","https://openalex.org/W2905270202","https://openalex.org/W2906329276","https://openalex.org/W2907488731","https://openalex.org/W2909634611","https://openalex.org/W2910540886","https://openalex.org/W2912288176","https://openalex.org/W2924358574","https://openalex.org/W2935896145","https://openalex.org/W2940581269","https://openalex.org/W2941276819","https://openalex.org/W2941460562","https://openalex.org/W2943800384","https://openalex.org/W2944287224","https://openalex.org/W2946147945","https://openalex.org/W2947546589","https://openalex.org/W2948544300","https://openalex.org/W2956970244","https://openalex.org/W2963527806","https://openalex.org/W2964118482","https://openalex.org/W2964227007","https://openalex.org/W2966907449","https://openalex.org/W2969147026","https://openalex.org/W2971357327","https://openalex.org/W2972725724","https://openalex.org/W2982313557","https://openalex.org/W3003604824","https://openalex.org/W3003902523","https://openalex.org/W3004260896","https://openalex.org/W3005386404","https://openalex.org/W3013125479","https://openalex.org/W3015726433","https://openalex.org/W3016505311","https://openalex.org/W3019296792","https://openalex.org/W3098152091","https://openalex.org/W3099541148","https://openalex.org/W3103916380","https://openalex.org/W4211225190","https://openalex.org/W4240514091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508899372","https://openalex.org/W2039460805","https://openalex.org/W4250956039","https://openalex.org/W4240485100","https://openalex.org/W2056130799","https://openalex.org/W2045758229","https://openalex.org/W2505675537","https://openalex.org/W405964254","https://openalex.org/W2110944602","https://openalex.org/W3213722473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"review":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,14,24,52,58,67,76,96],"dichotomy":[4],"between":[5],"automatic":[6],"and":[7,22,72,102,114],"autonomous":[8],"behaviors":[9],"in":[10,32,38],"surgical":[11,87,119],"robots,":[12,21],"maps":[13],"possible":[15],"levels":[16,45],"of":[17,19,46,54,118],"autonomy":[18],"these":[20],"describes":[23],"primary":[25],"enabling":[26,95],"technologies":[27],"that":[28,42],"are":[29],"driving":[30],"research":[31],"this":[33],"field.":[34],"It":[35],"is":[36],"organized":[37],"five":[39],"main":[40],"sections":[41],"cover":[43],"increasing":[44],"autonomy.":[47,63],"At":[48,64],"level":[49,65,80,110],"0,":[50],"where":[51],"bulk":[53],"commercial":[55],"platforms":[56],"are,":[57],"robot":[59,68,97],"has":[60],"no":[61],"decision":[62],"1,":[66],"can":[69,83,112],"provide":[70],"cognitive":[71],"physical":[73],"assistance":[74],"to":[75,98],"surgeon,":[77],"while":[78],"at":[79,109],"2,":[81],"it":[82],"autonomously":[84],"perform":[85],"a":[86,100,116],"task.":[88],"Level":[89],"3":[90],"comes":[91],"with":[92],"conditional":[93],"autonomy,":[94],"plan":[99,113],"task":[101],"update":[103],"planning":[104],"during":[105],"execution.":[106],"Finally,":[107],"robots":[108],"4":[111],"execute":[115],"sequence":[117],"tasks":[120],"autonomously.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
