{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388662099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061423-101708","title":"Control Co-Design of Wind Turbines","display_name":"Control Co-Design of Wind Turbines","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388662099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061423-101708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-control-061423-101708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061423-101708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191328","display_name":"Annual Review of Control Robotics and Autonomous Systems","issn_l":"2573-5144","issn":["2573-5144"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061423-101708","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062050694","display_name":"Lucy Y. Pao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9450-8902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucy Y. Pao","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA; email: pao@colorado.edu","2Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA; email: pao@colorado.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008075022","display_name":"Manuel Pusch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-055X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174004417","display_name":"Munich University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/012k1v959","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174004417"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Pusch","raw_affiliation_strings":["3Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Aeronautical Engineering, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany; email: manuel.pusch@hm.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Aeronautical Engineering, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany; email: manuel.pusch@hm.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174004417"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053424948","display_name":"Daniel Zalkind","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0482-3285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel S. Zalkind","raw_affiliation_strings":["4National Wind Technology Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Arvada, Colorado, USA; email: daniel.zalkind@nrel.gov"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"4National Wind Technology Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Arvada, Colorado, USA; email: daniel.zalkind@nrel.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062050694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.8089,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99331431,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"201","last_page":"226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10740","display_name":"Wind Turbine Control Systems","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11250","display_name":"Wave and Wind Energy Systems","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.8264220952987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbine","display_name":"Turbine","score":0.7513441443443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-wind-power","display_name":"Offshore wind power","score":0.7308580875396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.5979403853416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5226997137069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4589342772960663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.44081738591194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.33666151762008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1870308816432953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.07879459857940674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.8264220952987671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.7513441443443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.7308580875396729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.5979403853416443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5226997137069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4589342772960663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.44081738591194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.33666151762008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1870308816432953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07879459857940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-control-061423-101708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061423-101708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191328","display_name":"Annual Review of Control Robotics and Autonomous Systems","issn_l":"2573-5144","issn":["2573-5144"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2361050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2361050","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2361050","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev-control-061423-101708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-061423-101708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191328","display_name":"Annual Review of Control Robotics and Autonomous Systems","issn_l":"2573-5144","issn":["2573-5144"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1753948535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC36-08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2439896633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC36-08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5587301395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000667","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5636867057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000ABC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5698664717","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No.  DE-AC36-08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809395039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0001181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6005700546","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC36-08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6056170281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AR0000667","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7021897321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"08GO28308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8752717330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AR0000ABC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","funder_display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/03q1rgc19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332538","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963646571","https://openalex.org/W1971343188","https://openalex.org/W1973296596","https://openalex.org/W1976953966","https://openalex.org/W1991125742","https://openalex.org/W1992671845","https://openalex.org/W2001403083","https://openalex.org/W2004254386","https://openalex.org/W2012604200","https://openalex.org/W2019972052","https://openalex.org/W2032881694","https://openalex.org/W2042106612","https://openalex.org/W2055424553","https://openalex.org/W2065101524","https://openalex.org/W2068645334","https://openalex.org/W2073387102","https://openalex.org/W2081760916","https://openalex.org/W2104705100","https://openalex.org/W2113250278","https://openalex.org/W2151007283","https://openalex.org/W2159468497","https://openalex.org/W2159580057","https://openalex.org/W2164594722","https://openalex.org/W2171425284","https://openalex.org/W2175402941","https://openalex.org/W2296101951","https://openalex.org/W2525855917","https://openalex.org/W2586057978","https://openalex.org/W2606493657","https://openalex.org/W2615933870","https://openalex.org/W2730500912","https://openalex.org/W2754703339","https://openalex.org/W2809132319","https://openalex.org/W2810407030","https://openalex.org/W2811386030","https://openalex.org/W2912434105","https://openalex.org/W2918809447","https://openalex.org/W2954862674","https://openalex.org/W2964337091","https://openalex.org/W2971948046","https://openalex.org/W2977977271","https://openalex.org/W2989539464","https://openalex.org/W3013767423","https://openalex.org/W3130057766","https://openalex.org/W3138630362","https://openalex.org/W3146964791","https://openalex.org/W3155393536","https://openalex.org/W3171479419","https://openalex.org/W3179850020","https://openalex.org/W3196354912","https://openalex.org/W3212438120","https://openalex.org/W3212988120","https://openalex.org/W4210423700","https://openalex.org/W4224245138","https://openalex.org/W4225679506","https://openalex.org/W4229079847","https://openalex.org/W4281630986","https://openalex.org/W4281787353","https://openalex.org/W4283273277","https://openalex.org/W4286434480","https://openalex.org/W4292363464","https://openalex.org/W4308313970","https://openalex.org/W4378901555","https://openalex.org/W4382935901","https://openalex.org/W4382936161","https://openalex.org/W4382936183","https://openalex.org/W4383982525","https://openalex.org/W4384560734","https://openalex.org/W4386179771","https://openalex.org/W4386837905","https://openalex.org/W4390036377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W962960785","https://openalex.org/W2097785449","https://openalex.org/W2275994986","https://openalex.org/W2347282218","https://openalex.org/W2386317024","https://openalex.org/W4322630620","https://openalex.org/W4389763214","https://openalex.org/W598465953","https://openalex.org/W2470892110","https://openalex.org/W2331500058"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wind":[0,144],"energy":[1],"is":[2,12],"recognized":[3],"worldwide":[4],"as":[5,78],"cost-effective":[6],"and":[7,10,60,72,92,122,138,140,148],"environmentally":[8],"friendly,":[9],"it":[11],"among":[13],"the":[14,23,38,89,126,135,149],"fastest-growing":[15],"sources":[16],"of":[17,25,40,67,110,117,128,134,151],"electrical":[18],"energy.":[19],"To":[20,36],"further":[21],"decrease":[22],"cost":[24],"wind":[26,28,41,43,62,80,111,118,130,136],"energy,":[27,42],"turbines":[29,44,63,81],"are":[30,45,95,156],"being":[31,47],"designed":[32,48],"at":[33],"ever-larger":[34],"scales.":[35],"expand":[37],"deployment":[39],"also":[46],"on":[49,161],"floating":[50,61],"platforms":[51],"for":[52],"placement":[53],"in":[54,97,107,125,154],"deep-water":[55],"locations":[56],"offshore.":[57],"Both":[58],"larger-scale":[59],"pose":[64],"challenges":[65],"because":[66],"their":[68],"greater":[69],"structural":[70],"loads":[71],"deflections.":[73],"Complex,":[74],"large-scale":[75],"systems":[76],"such":[77],"modern":[79],"increasingly":[82],"require":[83],"a":[84,98,159],"control":[85,93,108,146,152,164],"co-design":[86,109,155,162],"approach,":[87],"whereby":[88],"system":[90],"design":[91,94,120,127,153],"performed":[96],"more":[99],"integrated":[100],"fashion.":[101],"This":[102],"article":[103],"reviews":[104],"recent":[105],"developments":[106],"turbines.":[112],"We":[113],"provide":[114],"an":[115],"overview":[116],"turbine":[119,131,137,145],"objectives":[121],"constraints,":[123],"issues":[124],"key":[129],"components,":[132],"modeling":[133],"environment,":[139],"controller":[141],"coupling":[142],"issues.":[143],"functions":[147],"integration":[150],"detailed":[157],"with":[158],"focus":[160],"compatible":[163],"approaches.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}