{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7153980933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790499","title":"Reclaiming VR Design Authority: Deaf Signers Shaping Immersive Classrooms","display_name":"Reclaiming VR Design Authority: Deaf Signers Shaping Immersive Classrooms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7153980933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790499"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790499","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117273098","display_name":"Shuxu Huffman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1283-0033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66108857","display_name":"Gallaudet University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b9aym09","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66108857"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxu Huffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gallaudet University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1283-0033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gallaudet University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66108857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006337365","display_name":"Laura South","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-6314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura South","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-6314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133531790","display_name":"Matthew James Buckman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7748-2413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew James Buckman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural User Interaction Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7748-2413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural User Interaction Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084374376","display_name":"Raja Kushalnagar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-413X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66108857","display_name":"Gallaudet University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b9aym09","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66108857"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raja Kushalnagar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gallaudet University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-413X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gallaudet University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66108857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066870045","display_name":"Francisco R. Ortega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2449-3802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Raul Ortega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2449-3802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021039594","display_name":"Abraham Glasser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-4352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66108857","display_name":"Gallaudet University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b9aym09","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66108857"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abraham Glasser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science, Technology, Accessibility, Mathematics, and Public Health (STAMP), Gallaudet University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-4352","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science, Technology, Accessibility, Mathematics, and Public Health (STAMP), Gallaudet University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66108857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.1461,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9922979,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13310","display_name":"Subtitles and Audiovisual Media","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpreter","display_name":"Interpreter","score":0.707099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grounded-theory","display_name":"Grounded theory","score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deaf-education","display_name":"Deaf education","score":0.3668000102043152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122783720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183065","display_name":"Interpreter","level":2,"score":0.707099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.483599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152864","display_name":"Grounded theory","level":3,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781296696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430964","display_name":"Deaf education","level":3,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72280650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210439","display_name":"Language interpretation","level":3,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017715821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688498","display_name":"Assistive technology","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780878386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659648","display_name":"Visual language","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781372952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Visual impairment","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780041860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498636","display_name":"Deaf culture","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7736279368400574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1295827124","display_name":"REU Accessible Information and Communication Technologies","funder_award_id":"2447704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2911043001","display_name":"CRII: HCC: American Sign Language-enabled Digital Assistants: Models and Metrics for User Satisfaction","funder_award_id":"2348221","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2975696464","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"90REGE0027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337604","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7697865744","display_name":"NRT-IPP: Universal AI","funder_award_id":"2440601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337604","display_name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/033jnv181"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W982532552","https://openalex.org/W1554891029","https://openalex.org/W1934945143","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1991012411","https://openalex.org/W2000133879","https://openalex.org/W2001905309","https://openalex.org/W2010764013","https://openalex.org/W2023905698","https://openalex.org/W2037716043","https://openalex.org/W2047579018","https://openalex.org/W2090177212","https://openalex.org/W2097802045","https://openalex.org/W2099672225","https://openalex.org/W2103004556","https://openalex.org/W2109224739","https://openalex.org/W2113158403","https://openalex.org/W2114898756","https://openalex.org/W2121996250","https://openalex.org/W2122399640","https://openalex.org/W2122695435","https://openalex.org/W2122909041","https://openalex.org/W2125648813","https://openalex.org/W2132168989","https://openalex.org/W2139566642","https://openalex.org/W2145511722","https://openalex.org/W2152414382","https://openalex.org/W2156612160","https://openalex.org/W2159940374","https://openalex.org/W2161071682","https://openalex.org/W2161756713","https://openalex.org/W2163972396","https://openalex.org/W2241063242","https://openalex.org/W2299102392","https://openalex.org/W2306686872","https://openalex.org/W2336811793","https://openalex.org/W2469169170","https://openalex.org/W2539062311","https://openalex.org/W2565460424","https://openalex.org/W2726657470","https://openalex.org/W2784411250","https://openalex.org/W2804813861","https://openalex.org/W2807784258","https://openalex.org/W2808736338","https://openalex.org/W2809604471","https://openalex.org/W2904420505","https://openalex.org/W2910879790","https://openalex.org/W2941163248","https://openalex.org/W2941344547","https://openalex.org/W2942169651","https://openalex.org/W2950504429","https://openalex.org/W2950671347","https://openalex.org/W2954508010","https://openalex.org/W2971476659","https://openalex.org/W2972795682","https://openalex.org/W2981850886","https://openalex.org/W2986278062","https://openalex.org/W2991608126","https://openalex.org/W3004397392","https://openalex.org/W3006270940","https://openalex.org/W3011224558","https://openalex.org/W3032152500","https://openalex.org/W3037533479","https://openalex.org/W3043481610","https://openalex.org/W3043663249","https://openalex.org/W3048417763","https://openalex.org/W3083982079","https://openalex.org/W3161282819","https://openalex.org/W3162397149","https://openalex.org/W3174259008","https://openalex.org/W3198533357","https://openalex.org/W3204179258","https://openalex.org/W4200048769","https://openalex.org/W4213061419","https://openalex.org/W4225011965","https://openalex.org/W4247124896","https://openalex.org/W4252148582","https://openalex.org/W4281635101","https://openalex.org/W4307078090","https://openalex.org/W4307136494","https://openalex.org/W4307136584","https://openalex.org/W4318954863","https://openalex.org/W4366598719","https://openalex.org/W4385784610","https://openalex.org/W4386221847","https://openalex.org/W4386632332","https://openalex.org/W4387793521","https://openalex.org/W4390846450","https://openalex.org/W4393053029","https://openalex.org/W4395443228","https://openalex.org/W4400316673","https://openalex.org/W4401892587","https://openalex.org/W4402723774","https://openalex.org/W4403576753","https://openalex.org/W4403576769","https://openalex.org/W4403576869","https://openalex.org/W4403582898","https://openalex.org/W4403582921","https://openalex.org/W4404217945","https://openalex.org/W4404783296","https://openalex.org/W4407630638","https://openalex.org/W4409747478","https://openalex.org/W4409749397","https://openalex.org/W4415444798","https://openalex.org/W7131799090","https://openalex.org/W7133203375"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deaf":[0,41,54,73,105,126,134],"students":[1],"face":[2],"a":[3,49,60,79,112],"persistent":[4],"visual":[5,117],"attention":[6,91],"split":[7,92],"between":[8],"signer":[9,129],"and":[10,43,58,70,82,93,96,102,121],"instructional":[11],"materials.":[12],"Although":[13],"virtual":[14],"reality":[15],"(VR)":[16],"is":[17],"often":[18],"promoted":[19],"as":[20],"an":[21],"educational":[22],"solution,":[23],"it":[24],"typically":[25],"reinforces":[26],"hearing":[27,36],"norms":[28],"(e.g.,":[29],"caption":[30],"overlays":[31],"or":[32],"interpreter":[33],"boxes":[34],"onto":[35],"classrooms).":[37],"Our":[38],"work":[39,132],"foregrounds":[40],"leadership":[42],"reclaims":[44],"VR":[45,61,98],"design":[46],"authority:":[47],"in":[48,84,104],"mixed-hearing":[50],"team":[51],"led":[52],"by":[53],"scholars,":[55],"we":[56,110],"designed":[57],"evaluated":[59],"classroom":[62],"prototype":[63,77],"featuring":[64],"three":[65],"signer-placement":[66],"modes:":[67],"corner,":[68],"parallel,":[69],"transparent.":[71],"Twelve":[72],"participants":[74],"explored":[75],"the":[76],"during":[78],"15-minute":[80],"lecture":[81],"participated":[83],"qualitative":[85],"semi-structured":[86],"interviews.":[87],"Participants":[88],"reported":[89],"reduced":[90],"improved":[94],"visibility,":[95],"suggested":[97],"may":[99],"support":[100],"flexibility":[101],"comprehension":[103],"learning.":[106],"From":[107],"these":[108],"reflections,":[109],"introduce":[111],"five-dimension":[113],"conceptual":[114],"framework\u2014proximity,":[115],"customizability,":[116],"efficiency,":[118],"cultural":[119],"fit,":[120],"task":[122],"flexibility\u2014that":[123],"organizes":[124],"how":[125],"signers":[127],"evaluate":[128],"placements.":[130],"This":[131],"moves":[133],"Tech":[135],"theory":[136],"into":[137],"practice,":[138],"opening":[139],"pathways":[140],"for":[141],"future":[142],"Deaf-centered,":[143],"culturally":[144],"grounded":[145],"HCI.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}
