{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415965953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3770040","title":"Programming Structures and Their Misconceptions Across Modalities: The Pilot Study of a Code Tracing Assessment For Talented Primary School Students","display_name":"Programming Structures and Their Misconceptions Across Modalities: The Pilot Study of a Code Tracing Assessment For Talented Primary School Students","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415965953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3770040"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769994.3770040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3770040","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3770040","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069038172","display_name":"Katrin K\u00fcnz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6468-5787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Katrin Kunz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6468-5787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119133521","display_name":"Jana Wacker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0562-7385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jana Wacker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0562-7385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024868348","display_name":"T. Wenzel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4136-2929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Wenzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4136-2929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050221675","display_name":"Aki Schumacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9998-386X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142871","display_name":"Molecular Networks (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/04rtnbn65","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142871"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aki Schumacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Gie\u00dfen; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Gie\u00dfen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9998-386X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Gie\u00dfen; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Gie\u00dfen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142871"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004729279","display_name":"Katerina Tsarava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2960-6324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katerina Tsarava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2960-6324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T\u00fcbingen; LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069038172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34134788,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9406999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9406999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.6984000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-programming","display_name":"Computer programming","score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-programming-language","display_name":"Visual programming language","score":0.36480000615119934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.6984000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5906999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33857546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80006","display_name":"Computer programming","level":2,"score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128644962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683111","display_name":"Visual programming language","level":2,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988963302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629206","display_name":"Program code","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174063052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q607013","display_name":"Pair programming","level":4,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769994.3770040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3770040","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769994.3770040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3770040","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542456642","https://openalex.org/W1561946342","https://openalex.org/W1963557108","https://openalex.org/W1983637051","https://openalex.org/W1991469716","https://openalex.org/W2016385238","https://openalex.org/W2030538107","https://openalex.org/W2051576146","https://openalex.org/W2054867231","https://openalex.org/W2092263863","https://openalex.org/W2100329249","https://openalex.org/W2140567513","https://openalex.org/W2168795140","https://openalex.org/W2284328669","https://openalex.org/W2522521125","https://openalex.org/W2552471082","https://openalex.org/W2593784202","https://openalex.org/W2613723386","https://openalex.org/W2623703952","https://openalex.org/W2763441368","https://openalex.org/W2766624855","https://openalex.org/W2767026290","https://openalex.org/W2768875651","https://openalex.org/W2790195820","https://openalex.org/W2830776011","https://openalex.org/W2885048964","https://openalex.org/W2909604546","https://openalex.org/W2963554268","https://openalex.org/W2969802521","https://openalex.org/W3000429148","https://openalex.org/W3011087216","https://openalex.org/W3021329496","https://openalex.org/W3037610611","https://openalex.org/W3134228633","https://openalex.org/W3177397114","https://openalex.org/W3214398511","https://openalex.org/W4200179496","https://openalex.org/W4214775621","https://openalex.org/W4252692149","https://openalex.org/W4308834110","https://openalex.org/W4321784435","https://openalex.org/W4386630683","https://openalex.org/W4388222508","https://openalex.org/W4390496611","https://openalex.org/W4395070378","https://openalex.org/W4401105846","https://openalex.org/W4404334462","https://openalex.org/W4406495527","https://openalex.org/W4412781225","https://openalex.org/W4412781227"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,100,195],"development":[1],"of":[2,80,129,137,162,167,184,210],"programming":[3,21,189,193,211],"skills":[4],"in":[5,26,94,112,120,152,174,191],"primary":[6],"education,":[7],"including":[8],"early":[9,192,208],"systematic":[10],"talent":[11,212],"development,":[12],"has":[13],"gained":[14],"increasing":[15],"attention.":[16],"Unplugged,":[17],"block-based,":[18],"and":[19,56,64,70,72,115,159,176,188,203,213],"text-based":[20,73,130,153],"environments":[22],"are":[23],"commonly":[24],"used":[25],"this":[27],"age":[28],"group,":[29],"yet":[30],"research":[31],"on":[32,50,126,216],"how":[33],"these":[34],"modalities":[35,114],"shape":[36],"students\u2019":[37,61,217],"conceptual":[38],"understanding":[39],"remains":[40],"limited.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"we":[43],"developed":[44,196],"a":[45,95,146,168],"novel":[46],"assessment":[47,82,197],"instrument":[48,198],"focusing":[49],"control":[51,131],"flow":[52],"structures,":[53],"specifically":[54],"loops":[55,105,111],"conditionals,":[57],"to":[58,117],"evaluate":[59],"talented":[60,98],"code-tracing":[62],"performance":[63],"misconceptions":[65,138],"across":[66],"unplugged,":[67],"block-based":[68,177],"(Scratch":[69],"BlockPy)":[71],"(Python)":[74],"modalities.":[75],"This":[76],"online":[77],"pilot":[78],"study":[79],"the":[81,127,157,163,182,186,207],"involved":[83],"131":[84],"students":[85],"(Grades":[86],"1-4,":[87],"age:":[88],"M":[89],"=":[90],"8.85":[91],"years)":[92],"participating":[93],"program":[96],"for":[97,201],"children.":[99],"results":[101],"showed":[102],"that":[103],"Python":[104],"were":[106],"significantly":[107],"more":[108,172],"difficult":[109],"than":[110],"other":[113,118],"compared":[116],"concepts":[119],"Python,":[121,154],"aligning":[122],"with":[123],"previous":[124],"findings":[125,180],"complexity":[128],"structures.":[132],"In":[133],"addition,":[134],"modality-specific":[135],"patterns":[136],"emerged.":[139],"For":[140],"instance,":[141],"overlooking":[142,156],"adjacent":[143],"code":[144],"following":[145],"loop":[147],"or":[148],"conditional":[149],"was":[150,171],"widespread":[151],"whereas":[155],"else":[158],"misinterpreting":[160],"statements":[161],"else-branch":[164],"as":[165],"part":[166],"conditional\u2019s":[169],"then-branch":[170],"prevalent":[173],"Scratch":[175],"Python.":[178],"These":[179],"underscore":[181],"importance":[183],"considering":[185],"modality":[187],"language":[190],"education.":[194],"holds":[199],"promise":[200],"classroom":[202],"enrichment":[204],"settings,":[205],"supporting":[206],"identification":[209],"diagnostic":[214],"feedback":[215],"misconceptions.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-06T00:00:00"}